- Table of Contents
-
- 04-Layer 3-IP Services Configuration Guide
- 00-Preface
- 01-ARP configuration
- 02-IP addressing configuration
- 03-DHCP configuration
- 04-DNS configuration
- 05-IP forwarding basics configuration
- 06-IRDP configuration
- 07-IP performance optimization configuration
- 08-UDP Helper configuration
- 09-IPv6 basics configuration
- 10-DHCPv6 configuration
- 11-Tunnel configuration
- 12-GRE configuration
- Related Documents
-
Title | Size | Download |
---|---|---|
03-DHCP configuration | 544.79 KB |
IP address allocation sequence
DHCP server configuration task list
Configuring an address pool on the DHCP server
Specifying IP address ranges for a DHCP address pool
Specifying gateways for DHCP clients
Specifying a domain name suffix for DHCP clients
Specifying DNS servers for DHCP clients
Specifying WINS servers and NetBIOS node type for DHCP clients
Specifying BIMS server for DHCP clients
Specifying the configuration file for DHCP client auto-configuration
Specifying a server for DHCP clients
Configuring Option 184 parameters for DHCP clients
Enabling the DHCP server on an interface
Applying an address pool on an interface·
Configuring IP address conflict detection
Enabling handling of Option 82
Configuring DHCP server compatibility·
Configuring the DHCP server to broadcast all responses
Configure the DHCP server to ignore BOOTP requests
Configuring the DHCP server to send BOOTP responses in RFC 1048 format
Setting the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP server
Applying a DHCP address pool to a VPN instance
Displaying and maintaining the DHCP server
DHCP server configuration examples
Static IP address assignment configuration example
Dynamic IP address assignment configuration example
DHCP user class configuration example
DHCP option customization configuration example
Troubleshooting DHCP server configuration·
Configuring the DHCP relay agent
DHCP relay agent support for Option 82
DHCP relay agent configuration task list
Enabling the DHCP relay agent on an interface
Specifying DHCP servers on a relay agent
Configuring the DHCP relay agent security features
Enabling the DHCP relay agent to record relay entries
Enabling periodic refresh of dynamic relay entries
Enabling DHCP starvation attack protection
Configuring the DHCP relay agent to release an IP address
Setting the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP relay agent
Configuring the DHCP smart relay feature·
Displaying and maintaining the DHCP relay agent
DHCP relay agent configuration examples
DHCP relay agent configuration example
Option 82 configuration example
Troubleshooting DHCP relay agent configuration
Enabling the DHCP client on an interface
Configuring a DHCP client ID for an interface
Enabling duplicated address detection
Setting the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP client
Displaying and maintaining the DHCP client
DHCP client configuration example
Application of trusted and untrusted ports
DHCP snooping support for Option 82
DHCP snooping configuration task list
Configuring basic DHCP snooping
Configuring DHCP snooping entry auto backup
Enabling DHCP starvation attack protection
Enabling DHCP-REQUEST attack protection
Setting the maximum number of DHCP snooping entries
Configuring DHCP packet rate limit
Displaying and maintaining DHCP snooping
DHCP snooping configuration examples
Basic DHCP snooping configuration example
Option 82 configuration example
DHCP overview
The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) provides a framework to assign configuration information to network devices.
Figure 1 shows a typical DHCP application scenario where the DHCP clients and the DHCP server reside on the same subnet. The DHCP clients can also obtain configuration parameters from a DHCP server on another subnet through a DHCP relay agent. For more information about the DHCP relay agent, see "Configuring the DHCP relay agent."
Figure 1 A typical DHCP application
DHCP address allocation
Allocation mechanisms
DHCP supports the following allocation mechanisms:
· Static allocation—The network administrator assigns an IP address to a client, such as a WWW server, and DHCP conveys the assigned address to the client.
· Automatic allocation—DHCP assigns a permanent IP address to a client.
· Dynamic allocation—DHCP assigns an IP address to a client for a limited period of time, which is called a lease. Most DHCP clients obtain their addresses in this way.
IP address allocation process
Figure 2 IP address allocation process
1. The client broadcasts a DHCP-DISCOVER message to locate a DHCP server.
2. Each DHCP server offers configuration parameters such as an IP address to the client in a DHCP-OFFER message. The sending mode of the DHCP-OFFER is determined by the flag field in the DHCP-DISCOVER message. For related information, see "DHCP message format."
3. If several DHCP servers send offers to the client, the client accepts the first received offer, and broadcasts it in a DHCP-REQUEST message to formally request the IP address. (IP addresses offered by other DHCP servers can be assigned to other clients.)
4. All DHCP servers receive the DHCP-REQUEST message, but only the server selected by the client returns a DHCP-ACK message to confirm that the IP address has been allocated to the client, or a DHCP-NAK message to deny the IP address allocation.
After receiving the DHCP-ACK message, the client verifies the following before using the assigned IP address:
· The assigned IP address is not in use. To verify this, it broadcasts a gratuitous ARP packet. The assigned IP address is not in use if no response is received within the specified time.
· The assigned IP address is not on the same subnet as any IP address in use on the client.
Otherwise, the client sends a DHCP-DECLINE message to the server to request an IP address again.
IP address lease extension
A dynamically assigned IP address has a lease. When the lease expires, the IP address is reclaimed by the DHCP server. To continue using the IP address, the client must extend the lease duration.
When half of the lease duration elapses, the DHCP client unicasts a DHCP-REQUEST to the DHCP server to extend the lease. Depending on the availability of the IP address, the DHCP server returns either a DHCP-ACK unicast confirming that the client's lease duration has been extended, or a DHCP-NAK unicast denying the request.
If the client receives no reply, it broadcasts another DHCP-REQUEST message for lease extension when seven eighths of the lease duration elapses. Again, depending on the availability of the IP address, the DHCP server returns either a DHCP-ACK unicast confirming that the client's lease duration has been extended, or a DHCP-NAK unicast denying the request.
DHCP message format
Figure 3 shows the DHCP message format. DHCP uses some of the fields in significantly different ways. The numbers in parentheses indicate the size of each field in bytes.
· op—Message type defined in options field. 1 = REQUEST, 2 = REPLY
· htype, hlen—Hardware address type and length of the DHCP client.
· hops—Number of relay agents a request message traveled.
· xid—Transaction ID, a random number chosen by the client to identify an IP address allocation.
· secs—Filled in by the client, the number of seconds elapsed since the client began address acquisition or renewal process. This field is reserved and set to 0.
· flags—The leftmost bit is defined as the BROADCAST (B) flag. If this flag is set to 0, the DHCP server sent a reply back by unicast. If this flag is set to 1, the DHCP server sent a reply back by broadcast. The remaining bits of the flags field are reserved for future use.
· ciaddr—Client IP address if the client has an IP address that is valid and usable. Otherwise, set to zero. (The client does not use this field to request a specific IP address to lease.)
· yiaddr—Your IP address. It is an IP address assigned by the DHCP server to the DHCP client.
· siaddr—Server IP address, from which the client obtained configuration parameters.
· giaddr—Gateway IP address. It is the IP address of the first relay agent that a request message travels.
· chaddr—Client hardware address.
· sname—Server host name, from which the client obtained configuration parameters.
· file—Boot file (also called system software image) name and path information, defined by the server to the client.
· options—Optional parameters field that is variable in length, which includes the message type, lease duration, subnet mask, domain name server IP address, and WINS IP address.
DHCP options
DHCP uses the same message format as BOOTP, but DHCP uses the options field to carry information for dynamic address allocation and provide additional configuration information to clients.
Figure 4 DHCP option format
Common DHCP options
The following are common DHCP options:
· Option 3—Router option. It specifies the gateway address.
· Option 6—DNS server option. It specifies the DNS server's IP address.
· Option 33—Static route option. It specifies a list of classful static routes (the destination network addresses in these static routes are classful) that a client should add into its routing table. If both Option 33 and Option 121 exist, Option 33 is ignored.
· Option 51—IP address lease option.
· Option 53—DHCP message type option. It identifies the type of the DHCP message.
· Option 55—Parameter request list option. It is used by a DHCP client to request specified configuration parameters. The option includes values that correspond to the parameters requested by the client.
· Option 60—Vendor class identifier option. It is used by a DHCP client to identify its vendor, and by a DHCP server to distinguish DHCP clients by vendor class and assign specific IP addresses to the DHCP clients.
· Option 66—TFTP server name option. It specifies a TFTP server to be assigned to the client.
· Option 67—Boot file name option. It specifies the boot file name to be assigned to the client.
· Option 121—Classless route option. It specifies a list of classless static routes (the destination network addresses in these static routes are classless) that the requesting client should add to its routing table. If both Option 33 and Option 121 exist, Option 33 is ignored.
· Option 150—TFTP server IP address option. It specifies the TFTP server IP address to be assigned to the client.
For more information about DHCP options, see RFC 2132 and RFC 3442.
Custom DHCP options
Some options, such as Option 43, Option 82, and Option 184, have no standard definitions in RFC 2132.
Vendor-specific option (Option 43)
DHCP servers and clients use Option 43 to exchange vendor-specific configuration information.
The DHCP client can obtain the following information through Option 43:
· ACS parameters, including the ACS URL, username, and password.
· Service provider identifier, which is acquired by the CPE from the DHCP server and sent to the ACS for selecting vender-specific configurations and parameters.
· PXE server address, which is used to obtain the boot file or other control information from the PXE server.
1. Format of Option 43:
Figure 5 Option 43 format
Network configuration parameters are carried in different sub-options of Option 43 as shown in Figure 5.
¡ Sub-option type—The field value can be 0x01 (ACS parameter sub-option), 0x02 (service provider identifier sub-option), or 0x80 (PXE server address sub-option).
¡ Sub-option length—Excludes the sub-option type and sub-option length fields.
¡ Sub-option value—The value format varies with sub-options.
2. Sub-option value field formats:
¡ ACS parameter sub-option value field—Includes the ACS URL, username, and password separated by spaces (0x20) as shown in Figure 6.
Figure 6 ACS parameter sub-option value field
¡ Service provider identifier sub-option value field—Includes the service provider identifier.
¡ PXE server address sub-option value field—Includes the PXE server type that can only be 0, the server number that indicates the number of PXE servers contained in the sub-option and server IP addresses, as shown in Figure 7.
Figure 7 PXE server address sub-option value field
Relay agent option (Option 82)
Option 82 is the relay agent option. It records the location information about the DHCP client. When a DHCP relay agent or DHCP snooping device receives a client's request, it adds Option 82 to the request message and sends it to the server.
The administrator can use Option 82 to locate the DHCP client and further implement security control and accounting. The DHCP server can use Option 82 to provide individual configuration policies for the clients.
Option 82 can include up to 255 sub-options and must have one sub-option at least. Option 82 supports two sub-options: sub-option 1 (Circuit ID) and sub-option 2 (Remote ID).
Option 82 has no standard definition. Its padding formats vary with vendors.
· Circuit ID has the following padding formats:
¡ String padding format—Includes a character string specified by the user.
¡ Normal padding format—Includes the VLAN ID and interface number of the interface that received the client's request.
¡ Verbose padding format—Includes the access node identifier specified by the user, and the VLAN ID, interface number and interface type of the interface that received the client's request.
· Remote ID has the following padding formats:
¡ String padding format—Includes a character string specified by the user.
¡ Normal padding format—Includes the MAC address of the DHCP relay agent interface or the MAC address of the DHCP snooping device that received the client's request.
¡ Sysname padding format—Includes the device name of the device. To set the device name for the device, use the sysname command in system view.
Option 184
Option 184 is a reserved option. You can define the parameters in the option as needed. The device supports Option 184 carrying voice related parameters, so a DHCP client with voice functions can get voice parameters from the DHCP server.
Option 184 has the following sub-options:
· Sub-option 1—Specifies the IP address of the primary network calling processor, which serves as the network calling control source and provides program download services. For Option 184, you must define sub-option 1 to make other sub-options take effect.
· Sub-option 2—Specifies the IP address of the backup network calling processor. DHCP clients contact the backup processor when the primary one is unreachable.
· Sub-option 3—Specifies the voice VLAN ID and the result whether or not the DHCP client takes this VLAN as the voice VLAN.
· Sub-option 4—Specifies the failover route that includes the IP address and the number of the target user. A SIP VoIP user uses this IP address and number to directly establish a connection to the target SIP user when both the primary and backup calling processors are unreachable.
Protocols and standards
· RFC 2131, Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol
· RFC 2132, DHCP Options and BOOTP Vendor Extensions
· RFC 1542, Clarifications and Extensions for the Bootstrap Protocol
· RFC 3046, DHCP Relay Agent Information Option
· RFC 3442, The Classless Static Route Option for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) version 4
Configuring the DHCP server
Overview
The DHCP server is well suited to networks where:
· Manual configuration and centralized management are difficult to implement.
· IP addresses are limited. For example, an ISP limits the number of concurrent online users, and users must acquire IP addresses dynamically.
· Most hosts do not need fixed IP addresses.
An MCE serving as the DHCP server can assign IP addresses not only to clients on public networks, but also to clients on private networks. The IP address ranges of public and private networks or those of private networks on the DHCP server cannot overlap. For more information about MCE, see MCE Configuration Guide.
|
NOTE: The term "interface" in this section collectively refers to Layer 3 interfaces, including VLAN interfaces and Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces. You can set an Ethernet port as a Layer 3 interface by using the port link-mode route command (see Layer 2—LAN Switching Configuration Guide). |
DHCP address pool
Each DHCP address pool has a group of assignable IP addresses and network configuration parameters. The DHCP server selects IP addresses and other parameters from the address pool and assigns them to the DHCP clients.
Address assignment mechanisms
Configure the following address assignment mechanisms as needed:
· Static address allocation—Manually bind the MAC address or ID of a client to an IP address in a DHCP address pool. When the client requests an IP address, the DHCP server assigns the IP address in the static binding to the client.
· Dynamic address allocation—Specify IP address ranges in a DHCP address pool. Upon receiving a DHCP request, the DHCP server dynamically selects an IP address from the matching IP address range in the address pool.
There are two methods to specify IP address ranges in an address pool:
· Method 1—Specify a primary subnet in an address pool and divide the subnet into multiple address ranges, which include a common IP address range and IP address ranges for DHCP user classes.
Upon receiving a DHCP request, the DHCP server finds a user class matching the client and selects an IP address in the address range of the user class for the client. A user class can include multiple matching rules, and a client matches the user class as long as it matches any of the rules. In address pool view, you can specify different address ranges for different user classes.
DHCP selects an IP address for a client in the following order:
a. DHCP matches the client against DHCP user classes in the order they are configured.
b. If the client matches a user class, the DHCP server selects an IP address from the address range of the user class.
c. If the matching user class has no assignable addresses, the DHCP server matches the client against the next user class. If all the matching user classes have no assignable addresses, the DHCP server selects an IP address from the common address range.
d. If the DHCP client does not match any DHCP user class, the DHCP server selects an address in the IP address range specified by the address range command. If the address range has no assignable IP addresses or it is not configured, the address allocation fails.
|
NOTE: All address ranges must belong to the primary subnet. If an address range does not reside in the primary subnet, DHCP cannot assign the addresses in the address range. |
· Method 2—Specify a primary subnet and multiple secondary subnets in an address pool.
The DHCP server selects an IP address from the primary subnet first. If there is no assignable IP address in the primary subnet, the DHCP server selects an IP address from secondary subnets in the order they are configured.
Principles for selecting an address pool
The DHCP server observes the following principles to select an address pool for a client:
1. If there is an address pool where an IP address is statically bound to the MAC address or ID of the client, the DHCP server selects this address pool and assigns the statically bound IP address and other configuration parameters to the client.
2. If the receiving interface has an address pool applied, the DHCP server selects an IP address and other configuration parameters from this address pool.
3. If there is no static address pool and the receiving interface has no address pool applied, the DHCP server selects an address pool in the following way:
¡ If the client and the server reside on the same subnet, the DHCP server matches the IP address of the receiving interface against the primary subnets of all address pools, and selects the address pool with the longest-matching primary subnet. If no matching primary subnet is found, the DHCP server matches the IP address against the secondary subnets of all address pools, and selects the address pool with the longest-matching secondary subnet.
¡ If the client and the server reside on different subnets (a DHCP relay agent is in-between), the DHCP server matches the IP address in the giaddr field of the DHCP request against the primary subnets of all address pools, and selects the address pool with the longest-matching primary subnet. If no matching primary subnet is found, the DHCP server matches the IP address against the secondary subnets of all address pools, and selects the address pool with the longest-matching secondary subnet.
For example, two address pools 1.1.1.0/24 and 1.1.1.0/25 are configured on the DHCP server. If the IP address of the interface receiving DHCP requests is 1.1.1.1/25 and no address pool is applied on the interface, the DHCP server selects IP addresses for clients from the address pool 1.1.1.0/25. If no IP address is available in the address pool, the DHCP server fails to assign addresses. If the IP address of the receiving interface is 1.1.1.130/25, the DHCP server selects IP addresses for clients from the address pool 1.1.1.0/24.
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NOTE: To make sure correct address allocation, keep the IP addresses used for dynamic allocation in the subnet where the interface of the DHCP server or DHCP relay agent resides as possible as you can. |
IP address allocation sequence
The DHCP server selects an IP address for a client in the following sequence:
1. IP address statically bound to the client's MAC address or ID.
2. IP address that was ever assigned to the client.
3. IP address designated by the Option 50 field in the DHCP-DISCOVER message sent by the client.
Option 50 is the Requested IP Address option. The client uses this option to specify the wanted IP address in a DHCP-DISCOVER message. The content of Option 50 is user defined.
4. First assignable IP address found in the way discussed in "DHCP address pool."
5. IP address that was a conflict or passed its lease duration. If no IP address is assignable, the server does not respond.
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NOTE: If a client moves to another subnet, the DHCP server selects an IP address in the address pool matching the new subnet instead of assigning the IP address that was once assigned to the client. |
DHCP server configuration task list
Tasks at a glance |
(Required.) Configuring an address pool on the DHCP server |
(Required.) Enabling DHCP |
(Required.) Enabling the DHCP server on an interface |
(Optional.) Applying an address pool on an interface |
(Optional.) Configuring IP address conflict detection |
(Optional.) Enabling handling of Option 82 |
(Optional.) Configuring DHCP server compatibility |
(Optional.) Setting the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP server |
(Optional.) Applying a DHCP address pool to a VPN instance |
Configuring an address pool on the DHCP server
Configuration task list
Creating a DHCP address pool
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Create a DHCP address pool and enter its view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
By default, no DHCP address pool is created. |
Specifying IP address ranges for a DHCP address pool
You can configure both static and dynamic address allocation mechanisms in a DHCP address pool. For dynamic address allocation, you can specify either a primary subnet with multiple address ranges or a primary subnet with multiple secondary subnets for a DHCP address pool, but you cannot configure both.
Specifying a primary subnet and multiple address ranges for a DHCP address pool
Some scenarios need to classify DHCP clients in the same subnet into different address groups. To meet this need, you can configure DHCP user classes and specify different address ranges for the classes so that the clients matching a user class get the IP addresses of a specific address range. In addition, you can specify a common address range for the clients that do not match any user class. If no common address range is specified, such clients fail to obtain IP addresses.
If there is no need to classify clients, you do not need to configure DHCP user classes or their address ranges.
Follow these guidelines when you specify a primary subnet and multiple address ranges for a DHCP address pool:
· If you use the network or address range command multiple times for the same address pool, the most recent configuration takes effect.
· IP addresses specified by the forbidden-ip command are not assignable in the current address pool, but are assignable in other address pools. IP addresses specified by the dhcp server forbidden-ip command are not assignable in any address pool.
To specify a primary subnet and multiple address ranges for a DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Create a DHCP user class and enter DHCP user class view. |
dhcp class class-name |
Required for client classification. By default, no DHCP user class exists. |
3. Configure the match rule for the DHCP user class. |
if-match rule rule-number option option-code [ hex hex-string [ offset offset length length | mask mask ] ] |
Required for client classification. By default, no match rule is specified for a DHCP user class. |
4. Return to system view. |
quit |
N/A |
5. Enter address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
6. Specify the primary subnet for the address pool. |
network network-address [ mask-length | mask mask ] |
By default, no primary subnet is specified. |
7. (Optional.) Specify the common address range. |
address range start-ip-address end-ip-address |
By default, no IP address range is specified. |
8. (Optional.) Specify an IP address range for a DHCP user class. |
class class-name range start-ip-address end-ip-address |
By default, no IP address range is specified for a user class. The DHCP user class must already exist. To specify address ranges for multiple DHCP user classes, repeat this step. |
9. (Optional.) Specify the address lease duration. |
expired { day day [ hour hour [ minute minute [ second second ] ] ] | unlimited } |
The default setting is 1 day. |
10. (Optional.) Exclude the specified IP addresses in the address pool from dynamic allocation. |
forbidden-ip ip-address&<1-8> |
By default, all the IP addresses in the DHCP address pool are assignable. To exclude multiple address ranges from dynamic allocation, repeat this step. |
11. Return to system view. |
quit |
N/A |
12. (Optional.) Exclude the specified IP addresses from automatic allocation globally. |
dhcp server forbidden-ip start-ip-address [ end-ip-address ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] |
By default, except for the IP address of the DHCP server interface, all IP addresses in address pools are assignable. To exclude multiple IP address ranges, repeat this step. |
Specifying a primary subnet and multiple secondary subnets for a DHCP address pool
In scenarios where the DHCP server and the DHCP clients reside on the same subnet, the DHCP server needs to assign addresses in different address ranges to the DHCP clients. To meet this need, you can specify a primary subnet and multiple secondary subnets in an address pool. Upon receiving a client request, the DHCP server selects an address from the primary subnet. If no assignable address is found, the server selects an address from the secondary subnets in the order they are configured.
In scenarios where the DHCP server and the DHCP clients reside on different subnets and the DHCP clients obtain IP addresses through a DHCP relay agent, the DHCP server needs to use the same address pool to assign IP addresses to clients in different subnets. To meet this need, you can specify a primary subnet and multiple secondary subnets in a DHCP address pool, which are consistent with the subnets where the relay agent interfaces reside. Upon receiving a DHCP request forwarded by a relay agent, the DHCP server reads the giaddr field in the request to find the corresponding subnet and selects an IP address for the client.
Follow these guidelines when you specify a primary subnet and secondary subnets for a DHCP address pool:
· You can specify only one primary subnet in each address pool. If you use the network command multiple times, the most recent configuration takes effect.
· You can specify a maximum of 32 secondary subnets in each address pool.
· IP addresses specified by the forbidden-ip command are not assignable in the current address pool, but are assignable in other address pools. IP addresses specified by the dhcp server forbidden-ip command are not assignable in any address pool.
To specify a primary subnet and secondary subnets for a DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Specify the primary subnet. |
network network-address [ mask-length | mask mask ] |
By default, no primary subnet is specified. |
4. (Optional.) Specify a secondary subnet. |
network network-address [ mask-length | mask mask ] secondary |
By default, no secondary subnet is specified. |
5. (Optional.) Return to address pool view. |
quit |
N/A |
6. (Optional.) Specify the address lease duration. |
expired { day day [ hour hour [ minute minute [ second second ] ] ] | unlimited } |
The default setting is 1 day. |
7. (Optional.) Exclude the specified IP addresses from dynamic allocation. |
forbidden-ip ip-address&<1-8> |
By default, all the IP addresses in the DHCP address pool can be dynamically allocated. To exclude multiple address ranges from the address pool, repeat this step. |
8. Return to system view. |
quit |
N/A |
9. (Optional.) Exclude the specified IP addresses from dynamic allocation globally. |
dhcp server forbidden-ip start-ip-address [ end-ip-address ] |
Except for the IP address of the DHCP server interface, IP addresses in all address pools are assignable by default. To exclude multiple address ranges globally, repeat this step. |
Configuring a static binding in a DHCP address pool
Some DHCP clients, such as a WWW server, need fixed IP addresses. To provide a fixed IP address for such a client, you can statically bind the MAC address or ID of the client to an IP address in a DHCP address pool. When the client requests an IP address, the DHCP server assigns the IP address in the static binding to the client.
Follow these guidelines when you configure a static binding:
· One IP address can be bound to only one client MAC or client ID. You cannot modify bindings that have been created. To change the binding for a DHCP client, you must delete the existing binding first.
· The IP address of a static binding cannot be the address of the DHCP server interface. Otherwise, an IP address conflict occurs and the bound client cannot obtain an IP address correctly.
· To configure static bindings for DHCP clients that reside on the same device and use the same MAC address, you must specify the client ID rather than the MAC address to identify a requesting interface. Otherwise, IP address allocation will fail.
To configure a static binding:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Configure a static binding. |
static-bind ip-address ip-address [ mask-length | mask mask ] { client-identifier client-identifier | hardware-address hardware-address [ ethernet | token-ring ] } |
By default, no static binding is configured. To add more static bindings, repeat this step. |
4. (Optional.) Specify the lease duration for the IP address. |
expired { day day [ hour hour [ minute minute [ second second ] ] ] | unlimited } |
The default setting is 1 day. |
Specifying gateways for DHCP clients
DHCP clients send packets destined for other networks to a gateway. The DHCP server can assign the gateway address to the DHCP clients.
You can specify gateway addresses in each address pool on the DHCP server. A maximum of eight gateways can be specified in DHCP address pool view or secondary subnet view.
If you specify gateways in both address pool view and secondary subnet view, DHCP assigns the gateway addresses in the secondary subnet view to the clients on the secondary subnet. If you specify gateways in address pool view but not in secondary subnet view, DHCP assigns the gateway addresses in address pool view to the clients on the secondary subnet.
To configure gateways in the DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter DHCP address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Specify gateways. |
gateway-list ip-address&<1-8> |
By default, no gateway is specified. |
4. (Optional.) Enter secondary subnet view |
network network-address [ mask-length | mask mask ] secondary |
N/A |
5. (Optional.) Specify gateways. |
gateway-list ip-address&<1-8> |
By default, no gateway is specified. |
Specifying a domain name suffix for DHCP clients
You can specify a domain name suffix in a DHCP address pool on the DHCP server. With this suffix assigned, the client only needs to input part of a domain name, and the system adds the domain name suffix for name resolution. For more information about DNS, see "Configuring IPv4 DNS."
To configure a domain name suffix in the DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter DHCP address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Specify a domain name suffix. |
domain-name domain-name |
By default, no domain name is specified. |
Specifying DNS servers for DHCP clients
To access hosts on the Internet through domain names, a DHCP client must contact a DNS server to resolve names. You can specify up to eight DNS servers in a DHCP address pool.
To specify DNS servers in a DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter DHCP address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Specify DNS servers. |
dns-list ip-address&<1-8> |
By default, no DNS server is specified. |
Specifying WINS servers and NetBIOS node type for DHCP clients
A Microsoft DHCP client using NetBIOS protocol must contact a WINS server for name resolution. You can specify up to eight WINS servers for such clients in a DHCP address pool.
In addition, you must specify a NetBIOS node type for the clients to approach name resolution. There are four NetBIOS node types:
· b (broadcast)-node—A b-node client sends the destination name in a broadcast message. The destination returns its IP address to the client after receiving the message.
· p (peer-to-peer)-node—A p-node client sends the destination name in a unicast message to the WINS server and the WINS server returns the destination IP address.
· m (mixed)-node—An m-node client broadcasts the destination name. If it receives no response, it unicasts the destination name to the WINS server to get the destination IP address.
· h (hybrid)-node—An h-node client unicasts the destination name to the WINS server. If it receives no response, it broadcasts the destination name to get the destination IP address.
To configure WINS servers and NetBIOS node type in a DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter DHCP address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Specify WINS servers. |
nbns-list ip-address&<1-8> |
This step is optional for b-node. By default, no WINS server is specified. |
4. Specify the NetBIOS node type. |
netbios-type { b-node | h-node | m-node | p-node } |
By default, no NetBIOS node type is specified. |
Specifying BIMS server for DHCP clients
Perform this task to provide the BIMS server IP address, port number, and shared key for the clients. The DHCP clients contact the BIMS server to get configuration files and perform software upgrade and backup.
To configure the BIMS server IP address, port number, and shared key in the DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter DHCP address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Specify the BIMS server IP address, port number, and shared key. |
bims-server ip ip-address [ port port-number ] sharekey { cipher | simple } key |
By default, no BIMS server information is specified. |
Specifying the configuration file for DHCP client auto-configuration
To implement client auto-configuration, you do not need to perform configuration on DHCP clients, but specify either of the following for clients on the DHCP server:
· The IP address or name of a TFTP server, and the boot file name.
· The remote boot file URL.
A DHCP client obtains these parameters from the DHCP server, and uses them to contact the TFTP server to get the configuration file used for system initialization. Auto-configuration operates as follows:
1. When a device starts up without loading any configuration file, it sets an active interface (such as the interface of the default VLAN or a Layer 3 Ethernet interface) as the DHCP client to get the following information from the DHCP server:
¡ An IP address.
¡ Parameters for configuration file acquisition.
The parameters include the TFTP server address or name and the boot file name, or the remote boot file URL.
2. After getting the information, the DHCP client sends a TFTP or HTTP request to obtain the configuration file from the specified TFTP or HTTP server for system initialization. If the client does not get the information, it restarts auto-configuration in 30 seconds. You can terminate the auto-configuration manually.
To specify the TFTP server and boot file name in a DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter DHCP address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Specify the IP address or the name of a TFTP server. |
·
Specify the IP address of the TFTP server: ·
Specify the name of the TFTP server: |
Execute at least one of the commands. By default, no TFTP server is specified. |
4. Specify the boot file name. |
bootfile-name bootfile-name |
By default, no boot file name is specified. |
To specify the remote boot file URL in a DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter DHCP address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Specify the remote boot file URL. |
bootfile-name url |
By default, no remote boot file URL is specified. |
Specifying a server for DHCP clients
Some DHCP clients need to obtain configuration information from a server, such as a TFTP server. You can specify the IP address of that server. The DHCP server sends the server's IP address to DHCP clients along with other configuration information.
To specify the IP address of a server:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter DHCP address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Specify the IP address of a server. |
next-server ip-address |
By default, no server is specified. |
Configuring Option 184 parameters for DHCP clients
To assign calling parameters to DHCP clients with voice service, you must configure Option 184 on the DHCP server. For more information about Option 184, see "Option 184."
To configure option 184 parameters in a DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter DHCP address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Specify the IP address of the primary network calling processor. |
voice-config ncp-ip ip-address |
By default, no primary network calling processor is specified. After you configure this command, the other Option 184 parameters take effect. |
4. (Optional.) Specify the IP address for the backup server. |
voice-config as-ip ip-address |
By default, no backup network calling processor is specified. |
5. (Optional.) Configure the voice VLAN. |
voice-config voice-vlan vlan-id { disable | enable } |
By default, no voice VLAN is configured. |
6. (Optional.) Specify the failover IP address and dialer string. |
voice-config fail-over ip-address dialer-string |
By default, no failover IP address or dialer string is specified. |
Customizing DHCP options
|
IMPORTANT: Use caution when customizing DHCP options because the configuration might affect DHCP operation. |
You can customize options for the following purposes:
· Add newly released options.
· Add options for which the vendor defines the contents, for example, Option 43.
· Add options for which the CLI does not provide a dedicated configuration command. For example, you can use the option 4 ip-address 1.1.1.1 command to define the time server address 1.1.1.1 for DHCP clients.
· Add all option values if the actual requirement exceeds the limit for a dedicated option configuration command. For example, the dns-list command can specify up to eight DNS servers. To specify more than eight DNS servers, you must use the option 6 command to define all DNS servers.
To customize a DHCP option in a DHCP address pool:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter DHCP address pool view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
N/A |
3. Customize a DHCP option. |
option code { ascii ascii-string | hex hex-string | ip-address ip-address&<1-8> } |
By default, no DHCP option is customized. |
Option |
Option name |
Corresponding command |
Recommended option command parameters |
3 |
Router Option |
gateway-list |
ip-address |
6 |
Domain Name Server Option |
dns-list |
ip-address |
15 |
Domain Name |
domain-name |
ascii |
44 |
NetBIOS over TCP/IP Name Server Option |
nbns-list |
ip-address |
46 |
NetBIOS over TCP/IP Node Type Option |
netbios-type |
hex |
66 |
TFTP server name |
tftp-server |
ascii |
67 |
Boot file name |
bootfile-name |
ascii |
43 |
Vendor Specific Information |
N/A |
hex |
Enabling DHCP
You must enable DHCP to validate other DHCP configurations.
To enable DHCP:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enable DHCP. |
dhcp enable |
By default, DHCP is disabled. |
Enabling the DHCP server on an interface
Perform this task to enable the DHCP server on an interface. Upon receiving a DHCP request on the interface, the DHCP server assigns an IP address and other configuration parameters from the DHCP address pool to the DHCP client.
To enable the DHCP server on an interface:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Enable the DHCP server on the interface. |
dhcp select server |
By default, the DHCP server on the interface is enabled. |
Applying an address pool on an interface
Perform this task to apply a DHCP address pool on an interface. Upon receiving a DHCP request from the interface, the DHCP server assigns the statically bound IP address and configuration parameters from the address pool that contains the static binding. If no static binding is found for the requesting client, the DHCP server selects the applied address pool for address and configuration parameter allocation.
To apply an address pool on an interface:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Apply an address pool on the interface. |
dhcp server apply ip-pool pool-name |
By default, no address pool is applied on an interface. If the applied address pool does not exist, the DHCP server fails to perform dynamic address allocation. |
Configuring IP address conflict detection
Before assigning an IP address, the DHCP server pings that IP address.
· If the server receives a response within the specified period, it selects and pings another IP address.
· If it receives no response, the server continues to ping the IP address until a specific number of ping packets are sent. If still no response is received, the server assigns the IP address to the requesting client. The DHCP client uses gratuitous ARP to perform IP address conflict detection.
To configure IP address conflict detection:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. (Optional.) Specify the maximum number of ping packets to be sent for conflict detection. |
dhcp server ping packets number |
The default setting is one. The value 0 disables IP address conflict detection. |
3. (Optional.) Configure the ping timeout time. |
dhcp server ping timeout milliseconds |
The default setting is 500 ms. The value 0 disables IP address conflict detection. |
Enabling handling of Option 82
If you disable the DHCP to handle Option 82, it does not add Option 82 into the response message.
You must enable handling of Option 82 on both the DHCP server and the DHCP relay agent to ensure correct processing for Option 82. For information about enabling handling of Option 82 on the DHCP relay agent, see "Configuring Option 82."
To enable the DHCP server to handle Option 82:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enable the server to handle Option 82. |
dhcp server relay information enable |
By default, handling of Option 82 is enabled. |
Configuring DHCP server compatibility
Perform this task to enable the DHCP server to support DHCP clients that are incompliant with RFC.
Configuring the DHCP server to broadcast all responses
Typically, the DHCP server broadcasts a response only when the broadcast flag in the DHCP request is set to 1. To work with DHCP clients that set the broadcast flag to 0 but do not accept unicast responses, configure the DHCP server to ignore the broadcast flag and always broadcast a response.
If a DHCP request is from a DHCP client that has an IP address (the ciaddr field is not 0), the DHCP server always unicasts a response (the destination address is ciaddr) to the DHCP client regardless of whether this command is executed.
If a DHCP request is from a DHCP relay agent (the giaddr field is not 0), the DHCP server always unicasts a response (the destination address is giaddr) to the DHCP relay agent regardless of whether it is enabled to broadcast all responses.
To configure the DHCP server to broadcast all responses:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enable the DHCP server to broadcast all responses. |
dhcp server always-broadcast |
By default, the DHCP server looks at the broadcast flag to decide whether to broadcast or unicast a response. |
Configure the DHCP server to ignore BOOTP requests
The lease duration of the IP addresses obtained by the BOOTP clients is unlimited. For some scenarios that do not allow unlimited leases, you can configure the DHCP server to ignore BOOTP requests.
To configure the DHCP server to ignore BOOTP requests:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Configure the DHCP server to ignore BOOTP requests. |
dhcp server bootp ignore |
By default, the DHCP server processes BOOTP requests. |
Configuring the DHCP server to send BOOTP responses in RFC 1048 format
Not all BOOTP clients can send requests that are compatible with RFC 1048. By default, the DHCP server does not process the Vend field of RFC 1048-incompliant requests but copies the Vend field into responses.
This feature enables the DHCP server to fill in the Vend field using the RFC 1048-compliant format in DHCP responses to RFC 1048-incompliant requests sent by BOOTP clients that request statically bound addresses.
To configure the DHCP server to send BOOTP responses in RFC 1048 format:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enable the DHCP server to send BOOTP responses in RFC 1048 format to the RFC 1048-incompliant BOOTP requests for statically bound addresses. |
dhcp server bootp reply-rfc-1048 |
By default, the DHCP server directly copies the Vend field of such requests into the responses. |
Setting the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP server
The DSCP value of a packet specifies the priority level of the packet and affects the transmission priority of the packet.
To set the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP server:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Set the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP server. |
dhcp dscp dscp-value |
By default, the DSCP value in DHCP packets sent by the DHCP server is 56. |
Applying a DHCP address pool to a VPN instance
If a DHCP address pool is applied to a VPN instance, the DHCP server assigns IP addresses in this address pool to clients in the VPN instance. Addresses in this address pool will not be assigned to clients on the public network.
The DHCP server can obtain the VPN instance to which a DHCP client belongs from the following information:
· The client's VPN information stored in authentication modules.
· The VPN information of the DHCP server's interface that receives DHCP packets from the client.
The VPN information from authentication modules takes precedence over the VPN information of the receiving interface.
To apply a DHCP address pool to a VPN instance:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Create a DHCP address pool and enter its view. |
dhcp server ip-pool pool-name |
By default, no DHCP address pool exists. |
3. Apply the address pool to a VPN instance. |
vpn-instance vpn-instance-name |
By default, the address pool is not applied to any VPN instance. |
Displaying and maintaining the DHCP server
|
IMPORTANT: A restart of the DHCP server or execution of the reset dhcp server ip-in-use command deletes all lease information. The DHCP server denies any DHCP request for lease extension, and the client must request an IP address again. |
Execute display commands in any view and reset commands in user view.
Task |
Command |
Display information about IP address conflicts. |
display dhcp server conflict [ ip ip-address ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] |
Display information about lease-expired IP addresses. |
display dhcp server expired [ ip ip-address [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] | pool pool-name ] |
Display information about assignable IP addresses. |
display dhcp server free-ip [ pool pool-name | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] |
Display information about assigned IP addresses. |
display dhcp server ip-in-use [ ip ip-address [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] | pool pool-name ] |
Display DHCP server statistics. |
display dhcp server statistics [ pool pool-name | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] |
Display information about DHCP address pools. |
display dhcp server pool [ pool-name | vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] |
Clear information about IP address conflicts. |
reset dhcp server conflict [ ip ip-address ] [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] |
Clear information about lease-expired IP addresses. |
reset dhcp server expired [ ip ip-address [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] | pool pool-name ] |
Clear information about assigned IP addresses. |
reset dhcp server ip-in-use [ ip ip-address [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] | pool pool-name ] |
Clear DHCP server statistics. |
reset dhcp server statistics [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] |
DHCP server configuration examples
DHCP networking involves the following types:
· The DHCP server and clients reside on the same subnet and exchange messages directly.
· The DHCP server and clients are not on the same subnet and they communicate with each other through a DHCP relay agent.
The DHCP server configuration for the two types is identical.
Static IP address assignment configuration example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 8, Switch B (DHCP client) obtains the IP address, DNS server address, and gateway address from Switch A (DHCP server).
The client ID of VLAN-interface 2 on Switch B is:
0030-3030-662e-6532-3439-2e38-3035-302d-566c-616e-2d69-6e74-6572-6661-6365-32.
Configuration procedure
1. Specify an IP address for VLAN-interface 2 on Switch A:
<SwitchA> system-view
[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 2
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface2] ip address 10.1.1.1 25
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface2] quit
2. Configure the DHCP server:
# Enable DHCP.
[SwitchA] dhcp enable
# Enable the DHCP server on VLAN-interface 2.
[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 2
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface2] dhcp select server
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface2] quit
# Create DHCP address pool 0.
[SwitchA] dhcp server ip-pool 0
# Configure a static binding for DHCP client switch B.
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-0] static-bind ip-address 10.1.1.5 25 client-identifier 0030-3030-662e-6532-3439-2e38-3035-302d-566c-616e-2d69-6e74-6572-6661-6365-32
# Specify the DNS server and gateway.
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-0] dns-list 10.1.1.2
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-0] gateway-list 10.1.1.126
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-0] quit
Verifying the configuration
Switch B can obtain IP address 10.1.1.5 and other network parameters from Switch A. You can use the display dhcp server ip-in-use command on the DHCP server to display the IP addresses assigned to the client.
Dynamic IP address assignment configuration example
Network requirements
· As shown in Figure 9, the DHCP server (Switch A) assigns IP addresses to clients in subnet 10.1.1.0/24, which is subnetted into 10.1.1.0/25 and 10.1.1.128/25.
· The IP addresses of VLAN-interfaces 10 and 20 on Switch A are 10.1.1.1/25 and 10.1.1.129/25.
· In address pool 10.1.1.0/25, configure the address lease duration as ten days and twelve hours, domain name suffix aabbcc.com, DNS server address 10.1.1.2/25, gateway 10.1.1.126/25, and WINS server 10.1.1.4/25.
· In address pool 10.1.1.128/25, configure the address lease duration as five days, domain name suffix aabbcc.com, DNS server address 10.1.1.2/25, and gateway address 10.1.1.254/25, and there is no WINS server address.
Configuration procedure
1. Specify IP addresses for the VLAN interfaces. (Details not shown.)
2. Configure the DHCP server:
# Enable DHCP.
<SwitchA> system-view
[SwitchA] dhcp enable
# Enable the DHCP server on VLAN-interface 10 and VLAN-interface 20.
[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 10
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface10] dhcp select server
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface10] quit
[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 20
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface20] dhcp select server
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface20] quit
# Exclude IP addresses (addresses of the DNS server, WINS server and gateways).
[SwitchA] dhcp server forbidden-ip 10.1.1.2
[SwitchA] dhcp server forbidden-ip 10.1.1.4
[SwitchA] dhcp server forbidden-ip 10.1.1.126
[SwitchA] dhcp server forbidden-ip 10.1.1.254
# Configure DHCP address pool 1 to assign IP addresses and other configuration parameters to clients in subnet 10.1.1.0/25.
[SwitchA] dhcp server ip-pool 1
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-1] network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.128
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-1] expired day 10 hour 12
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-1] domain-name aabbcc.com
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-1] dns-list 10.1.1.2
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-1] gateway-list 10.1.1.126
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-1] nbns-list 10.1.1.4
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-1] quit
# Configure DHCP address pool 2 to assign IP addresses and other configuration parameters to clients in subnet 10.1.1.128/25.
[SwitchA] dhcp server ip-pool 2
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-2] network 10.1.1.128 mask 255.255.255.128
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-2] expired day 5
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-2] domain-name aabbcc.com
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-2] dns-list 10.1.1.2
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-2] gateway-list 10.1.1.254
Verifying the configuration
After the preceding configuration is complete, clients on networks 10.1.1.0/25 and 10.1.1.128/25 can obtain correct IP addresses and other network parameters from Switch A. You can use the display dhcp server ip-in-use command on the DHCP server to display the IP addresses assigned to the clients.
DHCP user class configuration example
Network requirement
· The DHCP relay agent (Switch A) forwards the packets from DHCP clients to the DHCP server. Enable switch A to support Option 82 so that switch A can add Option 82 in the DHCP requests sent by the DHCP clients.
· The DHCP server (Switch B) assigns IP addresses and other configuration parameters to the DHCP clients. If the DHCP requests the DHCP server receives contain Option 82, the server assigns IP addresses in the range of 10.10.1.2 to 10.10.1.10 to the clients.
· For clients in subnet 10.10.1.0/24, the DNS server address is 10.10.1.20/24 and the gateway address is 10.10.1.255/24.
Figure 10 Network diagram
Configuration procedure
1. Specify IP addresses for interfaces on DHCP server and DHCP relay agent. (Details not shown.)
2. Configure DHCP services:
# Enable DHCP and configure the DHCP server to handle Option 82.
<SwitchB> system-view
[SwitchB] dhcp enable
[SwitchB] dhcp server relay information enable
# Enable DHCP server on VLAN-interface10.
[SwitchB] interface vlan-interface 10
[SwitchB-Vlan-interface10] dhcp select server
[SwitchB-Vlan-interface10] quit
# Create DHCP user class tt to match client requests with Option 82.
[SwitchB] dhcp class tt
[SwitchB-dhcp-class-tt] if-match option 82
[SwitchB-dhcp-class-tt] quit
# Create DHCP address pool aa, specify the address range for the address pool and the address range for user class tt. Specify gateway and DNS server address.
[SwitchB] dhcp server ip-pool aa
[SwitchB-dhcp-pool-aa] network 10.10.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0
[SwitchB-dhcp-pool-aa] address-range 10.10.1.2 10.10.1.100
[SwitchB-dhcp-pool-aa] class tt range 10.10.1.2 10.10.1.10
[SwitchB-dhcp-pool-aa] gateway-list 10.10.1.255
[SwitchB-dhcp-pool-aa] dns-list 10.10.1.20
Verifying the configuration
After the preceding configuration is complete, clients in a specific user class in subnet 10.10.1.0/24 can obtain IP addresses and other configuration parameters from the DHCP server (Switch B). Use the display dhcp server ip-in-use command to display the IP address assigned by the DHCP server.
DHCP option customization configuration example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 11, the DHCP client (Switch B) obtains an IP address and PXE server addresses from the DHCP server (Switch A). The IP address belongs to subnet 10.1.1.0/24. The PXE server addresses are 1.2.3.4 and 2.2.2.2.
The DHCP server assigns PXE server addresses to DHCP clients through Option 43, a customized option. The format of Option 43 and that of the PXE server address sub-option are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 7. The value of Option 43 configured on the DHCP server in this example is 80 0B 00 00 02 01 02 03 04 02 02 02 02. The number 80 is the value of the sub-option type. The number 0B is the value of the sub-option length. The numbers 00 00 are the value of the PXE server type. The number 02 indicates the number of servers. The numbers 01 02 03 04 02 02 02 02 indicate that the PXE server addresses are 1.2.3.4 and 2.2.2.2.
Configuration procedure
1. Specify IP addresses for the interfaces. (Details not shown.)
2. Configure the DHCP server:
# Enable DHCP.
<SwitchA> system-view
[SwitchA] dhcp enable
# Enable the DHCP server on VLAN-interface 2.
[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 2
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface2] dhcp select server
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface2] quit
# Configure DHCP address pool 0.
[SwitchA] dhcp server ip-pool 0
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-0] network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-0] option 43 hex 800B0000020102030402020202
Verifying the configuration
After the preceding configuration is complete, Switch B can obtain its IP address on 10.1.1.0/24 and the PXE server addresses from the Switch A. You can use the display dhcp server ip-in-use command on the DHCP server to display the IP addresses assigned to the clients.
Troubleshooting DHCP server configuration
Symptom
A client's IP address obtained from the DHCP server conflicts with another IP address.
Analysis
Another host on the subnet might have the same IP address.
Solution
1. Disable the client's network adapter or disconnect the client's network cable. Ping the IP address of the client from another host to check whether there is a host using the same IP address.
2. If a ping response is received, the IP address has been manually configured on a host. Execute the dhcp server forbidden-ip command on the DHCP server to exclude the IP address from dynamic allocation.
3. Enable the network adapter or connect the network cable, release the IP address, and obtain another one on the client. For example, to release the IP address and obtain another one on a Windows XP DHCP client:
a. In Windows environment, execute the cmd command to enter the DOS environment.
b. Enter ipconfig /release to relinquish the IP address.
c. Enter ipconfig /renew to obtain another IP address.
Configuring the DHCP relay agent
Overview
The DHCP relay agent enables clients to get IP addresses from a DHCP server on another subnet. This feature avoids deploying a DHCP server for each subnet to centralize management and reduce investment. Figure 12 shows a typical application of the DHCP relay agent.
Figure 12 DHCP relay agent application
An MCE device serving as the DHCP relay agent can forward DHCP packets between a DHCP server and clients on either a public network or a private network. For more information about MCE, see MCE Configuration Guide.
|
NOTE: The term "interface" in this section collectively refers to Layer 3 interfaces, including VLAN interfaces and Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces. You can set an Ethernet port as a Layer 3 interface by using the port link-mode route command (see Layer 2—LAN Switching Configuration Guide). |
Operation
The DHCP server and client interact with each other in the same way regardless of whether the relay agent exists. For the interaction details, see "IP address allocation process." The following only describes steps related to the DHCP relay agent:
1. After receiving a DHCP-DISCOVER or DHCP-REQUEST broadcast message from a DHCP client, the DHCP relay agent fills the giaddr field of the message with its IP address and unicasts the message to the designated DHCP server.
2. Based on the giaddr field, the DHCP server returns an IP address and other configuration parameters in a response.
3. The relay agent conveys the response to the client.
Figure 13 DHCP relay agent operation
DHCP relay agent support for Option 82
Option 82 records the location information about the DHCP client. It enables the administrator to locate the DHCP client for security and accounting purposes, and to assign IP addresses in a specific range to clients. For more information, see "Relay agent option (Option 82)."
If the DHCP relay agent supports Option 82, it handles DHCP requests by following the strategies described in Table 2.
If a response returned by the DHCP server contains Option 82, the DHCP relay agent removes the Option 82 before forwarding the response to the client.
Table 2 Handling strategies of the DHCP relay agent
If a DHCP request has… |
Handling strategy |
The DHCP relay agent… |
Option 82 |
Drop |
Drops the message. |
Keep |
Forwards the message without changing Option 82. |
|
Replace |
Forwards the message after replacing the original Option 82 with the Option 82 padded according to the configured padding format, padding content, and code type. |
|
No Option 82 |
N/A |
Forwards the message after adding Option 82 padded according to the configured padding format, padding content, and code type. |
DHCP relay agent configuration task list
Tasks at a glance |
(Required.) Enabling DHCP |
(Required.) Enabling the DHCP relay agent on an interface |
(Required.) Specifying DHCP servers on a relay agent |
(Optional.) Configuring the DHCP relay agent security features |
(Optional.) Configuring the DHCP relay agent to release an IP address |
(Optional.) Configuring Option 82 |
(Optional.) Setting the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP relay agent |
(Optional.) Configuring the DHCP smart relay feature |
Enabling DHCP
You must enable DHCP to validate other DHCP relay agent settings.
To enable DHCP:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enable DHCP. |
dhcp enable |
By default, DHCP is disabled. |
Enabling the DHCP relay agent on an interface
With the DHCP relay agent enabled, an interface forwards incoming DHCP requests to a DHCP server.
An IP address pool that contains the IP address of the DHCP relay agent interface must be configured on the DHCP server. Otherwise, the DHCP clients connected to the relay agent cannot obtain correct IP addresses.
To enable the DHCP relay agent on an interface:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Enable the DHCP relay agent. |
dhcp select relay |
By default, when DHCP is enabled, an interface operates in the DHCP server mode. |
Specifying DHCP servers on a relay agent
To improve availability, you can specify several DHCP servers on the DHCP relay agent. When the interface receives request messages from clients, the relay agent forwards them to all DHCP servers.
Follow these guidelines when you specify a DHCP server address on a relay agent:
· The IP address of any specified DHCP server must not reside on the same subnet as the IP address of the relay agent interface. Otherwise, the clients might fail to obtain IP addresses.
· You can specify a maximum of eight DHCP servers.
To specify a DHCP server address on a relay agent:
Command |
Remarks |
|
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Specify a DHCP server address on the relay agent. |
dhcp relay server-address ip-address |
By default, no DHCP server address is specified on the relay agent. |
Configuring the DHCP relay agent security features
Enabling the DHCP relay agent to record relay entries
Perform this task to enable the DHCP relay agent to automatically record clients' IP-to-MAC bindings (relay entries) after they obtain IP addresses through DHCP.
Some security features, such as ARP address check and IP source guard, use the recorded relay entries to check incoming packets and block packets that do not match any entry. In this way, illegal hosts are not able to access external networks through the relay agent.
To enable the DHCP relay agent to record relay entries:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enable the relay agent to record relay entries. |
dhcp relay client-information record |
By default, the relay agent does not record relay entries. |
Enabling periodic refresh of dynamic relay entries
A DHCP client unicasts a DHCP-RELEASE message to the DHCP server to release its IP address. The DHCP relay agent simply conveys the message to the DHCP server and does not remove the IP-to-MAC entry of the client.
With this feature, the DHCP relay agent uses the IP address of a relay entry and the MAC address of the DHCP relay interface to periodically send a DHCP-REQUEST message to the DHCP server.
· If the server returns a DHCP-ACK message or does not return any message within a specific interval, the DHCP relay agent removes the relay entry. In addition, upon receiving the DHCP-ACK message, the relay agent sends a DHCP-RELEASE message to release the IP address.
· If the server returns a DHCP-NAK message, the relay agent keeps the relay entry.
To enable periodic refresh of dynamic relay entries:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enable periodic refresh of dynamic relay entries. |
dhcp relay client-information refresh enable |
By default, periodic refresh of dynamic relay entries is enabled. |
3. Configure the refresh interval. |
dhcp relay client-information refresh [ auto | interval interval ] |
By default, the refresh interval is auto, which is calculated based on the number of total relay entries. |
Enabling DHCP starvation attack protection
A DHCP starvation attack occurs when an attacker constantly sends forged DHCP requests using different MAC addresses in the chaddr field to a DHCP server. This exhausts the IP address resources of the DHCP server so legitimate DHCP clients cannot obtain IP addresses. The DHCP server might also fail to work because of exhaustion of system resources. The following methods are available to relieve or prevent such attacks.
· To relieve a DHCP starvation attack that uses DHCP packets encapsulated with different source MAC addresses, you can limit the number of ARP entries that a Layer 3 interface can learn or MAC addresses that a Layer 2 port can learn. You can also configure an interface that has learned the maximum MAC addresses to discard packets whose source MAC addresses are not in the MAC address table.
· To prevent a DHCP starvation attack that uses DHCP requests encapsulated with the same source MAC address, you can enable MAC address check on the DHCP relay agent. The DHCP relay agent compares the chaddr field of a received DHCP request with the source MAC address in the frame header. If they are the same, the DHCP relay agent forwards the request to the DHCP server. If not, the relay agent discards the request.
Enable MAC address check only on the DHCP relay agent directly connected to the DHCP clients. A DHCP relay agent changes the source MAC address of DHCP packets before sending them. If you enable this feature on an intermediate relay agent, it might discard valid DHCP packets, and the sending clients will not obtain IP addresses.
A MAC address check entry has an aging time. When the aging time expires, the entry ages out, and the DHCP relay agent rechecks the validity of DHCP requests sent from the MAC address in the entry.
To enable MAC address check:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Configure the aging time for MAC address check entries. |
dhcp relay check mac-address aging-time time |
The default aging time is 300 seconds. This command takes effect only after you execute the dhcp relay check mac-address command. |
3. Enter the interface view. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
4. Enable MAC address check. |
dhcp relay check mac-address |
By default, MAC address check is disabled. |
Configuring the DHCP relay agent to release an IP address
Configure the relay agent to release the IP address for a relay entry. The relay agent sends a DHCP-RELEASE message to the server and meanwhile deletes the relay entry. Upon receiving the DHCP-RELEASE message, the DHCP server releases the IP address.
To configure the DHCP relay agent to release an IP address:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Configure the DHCP relay agent to release an IP address. |
dhcp relay release ip client-ip [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] |
This command can release only the IP addresses in the recorded relay entries. |
Configuring Option 82
Follow these guidelines when you configure Option 82:
· To support Option 82, you must perform related configuration on both the DHCP server and relay agent. For DHCP server Option 82 configuration, see "Enabling handling of Option 82."
· The system name (sysname) if padded in sub-option 1 (node identifier) of Option 82 must not contain spaces. Otherwise, the DHCP relay agent drops the message.
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Enable the relay agent to handle Option 82. |
dhcp relay information enable |
By default, handling of Option 82 is disabled. |
4. (Optional.) Configure the strategy for handling DHCP requests that contain Option 82. |
dhcp relay information strategy { drop | keep | replace } |
By default, the handling strategy is replace. |
5. (Optional.) Configure the padding content and code type for the Circuit ID sub-option. |
dhcp relay information circuit-id { string circuit-id | { normal | verbose [ node-identifier { mac | sysname | user-defined node-identifier } ] } [ format { ascii | hex } ] } |
By default, the padding format for Circuit ID sub-option is normal, and the code type is hex. |
6. (Optional.) Configure the padding content and code type for the Remote ID sub-option. |
dhcp relay information remote-id { normal [ format { ascii | hex } ] | string remote-id | sysname } |
By default, the padding format for the Remote ID sub-option is normal, and the code type is hex. |
Setting the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP relay agent
The DSCP value of a packet specifies the priority level of the packet and affects the transmission priority of the packet.
To set the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP relay agent:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Set the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP relay agent. |
dhcp dscp dscp-value |
By default, the DSCP value in DHCP packets sent by the DHCP relay agent is 56. |
Configuring the DHCP smart relay feature
The DHCP smart relay feature allows the DHCP relay agent to pad secondary IP addresses when the DHCP server does not reply the DHCP-OFFER message.
The relay agent initially pads its primary IP address to the giaddr field before forwarding a request to the DHCP server. If no DHCP-OFFER is received, the relay agent allows the client to send a maximum of two requests to the DHCP server by using the primary IP address. If no DHCP-OFFER is returned after two retries, the relay agent switches to a secondary IP address. If the DHCP server still does not respond, the next secondary IP address is used. After the secondary IP addresses are all tried and the DHCP server does not respond, the relay agent repeats the process by starting from the primary IP address.
Without this feature, the relay agent only pads the primary IP address to the giaddr field of all requests.
To configure the DHCP smart relay feature:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Enable the DHCP relay agent. |
dhcp select relay |
By default, an interface operates in the DHCP server mode when DHCP is enabled. |
4. Assign primary and secondary IP addresses to the DHCP relay agent. |
ip address ip-address { mask-length | mask } [ sub ] |
By default, the DHCP relay agent does not have any IP addresses. |
5. Return to system view. |
quit |
N/A |
6. Enable the DHCP smart relay feature. |
dhcp smart-relay enable |
By default, the DHCP smart relay feature is disabled. |
Displaying and maintaining the DHCP relay agent
Execute display commands in any view and reset commands in user view.
Task |
Command |
Display information about DHCP servers specified on an interface. |
display dhcp relay server-address [ interface interface-type interface-number ] |
Display Option 82 configuration information on the DHCP relay agent. |
display dhcp relay information [ interface interface-type interface-number ] |
Display relay entries on the DHCP relay agent. |
display dhcp relay client-information [ interface interface-type interface-number | ip ip-address [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] ] |
Display packet statistics on the DHCP relay agent. |
display dhcp relay statistics [ interface interface-type interface-number ] |
Display MAC address check entries on the DHCP relay agent. |
display dhcp relay check mac-address |
Clear relay entries on the DHCP relay agent. |
reset dhcp relay client-information [ interface interface-type interface-number | ip ip-address [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] ] |
Clear packet statistics on the DHCP relay agent. |
reset dhcp relay statistics [ interface interface-type interface-number ] |
DHCP relay agent configuration examples
DHCP relay agent configuration example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 14, configure the DHCP relay agent on Switch A so that DHCP clients can obtain IP addresses and configuration parameters from the DHCP server on another subnet.
The DHCP relay agent and server are on different subnets, so configure static or dynamic routing to make them reachable to each other.
Perform the configuration on the DHCP server to guarantee the client-server communication. For DHCP server configuration information, see "DHCP server configuration examples."
Configuration procedure
# Specify IP addresses for the interfaces. (Details not shown.)
# Enable DHCP.
<SwitchA> system-view
[SwitchA] dhcp enable
# Enable the DHCP relay agent on VLAN-interface 10.
[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 10
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface10] dhcp select relay
# Specify the IP address of the DHCP server on the relay agent.
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface10] dhcp relay server-address 10.1.1.1
Verifying the configuration
After the preceding configuration is complete, DHCP clients can obtain IP addresses and other network parameters from the DHCP server through the DHCP relay agent. You can use the display dhcp relay statistics command to display the statistics of DHCP packets forwarded by the DHCP relay agent. If you enable relay entry record on the DHCP relay agent with the dhcp relay client-information record command, you can use the display dhcp relay client-information command to display relay entries.
Option 82 configuration example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 14, the DHCP relay agent (Switch A) replaces Option 82 in DHCP requests before forwarding them to the DHCP server (Switch B).
· The Circuit ID sub-option is company001.
· The Remote ID sub-option is device001.
To use Option 82, you must also enable the DHCP server to handle Option 82.
Configuration procedure
# Specify IP addresses for the interfaces. (Details not shown.)
# Enable DHCP.
<SwitchA> system-view
[SwitchA] dhcp enable
# Enable the DHCP relay agent on VLAN-interface 10.
[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 10
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface10] dhcp select relay
# Specify the IP address of the DHCP server.
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface10] dhcp relay server-address 10.1.1.1
# Configure the handling strategies and padding content of Option 82.
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface10] dhcp relay information enable
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface10] dhcp relay information strategy replace
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface10] dhcp relay information circuit-id string company001
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface10] dhcp relay information remote-id string device001
Troubleshooting DHCP relay agent configuration
Symptom
DHCP clients cannot obtain configuration parameters through the DHCP relay agent.
Analysis
Some problems might occur with the DHCP relay agent or server configuration.
Solution
To locate the problem, enable debugging and execute the display command on the DHCP relay agent to view the debugging information and interface state information.
Check that:
· DHCP is enabled on the DHCP server and relay agent.
· The DHCP server has an address pool on the same subnet as the DHCP clients.
· The DHCP server and DHCP relay agent can reach each other.
· The DHCP server address specified on the DHCP relay agent interface connected to the DHCP clients is correct.
Configuring the DHCP client
With DHCP client enabled, an interface uses DHCP to obtain configuration parameters from the DHCP server, for example, an IP address.
The DHCP client configuration is supported only on Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces (including management Ethernet interfaces and subinterfaces), VLAN interfaces, and Layer 3 aggregate interfaces.
When multiple VLAN interfaces with the same MAC address use DHCP for IP address acquisition through a relay agent, the DHCP server cannot be a Windows Server 2000 or Windows Server 2003.
Enabling the DHCP client on an interface
Follow these guidelines when you enable the DHCP client on an interface:
· If the number of IP address request failures reaches the system-defined amount, the DHCP client-enabled interface uses a default IP address.
· An interface can be configured to acquire an IP address in multiple ways. The new configuration overwrites the old.
· Secondary IP addresses cannot be configured on an interface that is enabled with the DHCP client.
· If the interface obtains an IP address on the same segment as another interface on the device, the interface does not use the assigned address. Instead, it requests a new IP address from the DHCP server.
To enable the DHCP client on an interface:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Configure an interface to use DHCP for IP address acquisition. |
ip address dhcp-alloc |
By default, an interface does not use DHCP for IP address acquisition. |
Configuring a DHCP client ID for an interface
A DHCP client ID is added to the DHCP option 61. A DHCP server can specify IP addresses for clients based on the DHCP client ID.
Make sure the IDs for different DHCP clients are unique.
To configure a DHCP client ID for an interface:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Configure a DHCP client ID for the interface. |
dhcp client identifier { ascii string | hex string | mac interface-type interface-number } |
By default, an interface generates the DHCP client ID based on its MAC address. If the interface has no MAC address, it uses the MAC address of the first Ethernet interface to generate its client ID. |
4. Verify the client ID configuration. |
display dhcp client [ verbose ] [ interface interface-type interface-number ] |
DHCP client ID includes ID type and type value. Each ID type has a fixed type value. You can check the fields for the client ID to verify which type of client ID is used: · If an ASCII string is used as the client ID, the type value is 00. · If a hex string is used as the client ID, the type value is the first two characters in the string. · If the MAC address of a specific interface is used as the client ID, the type value is 01. |
Enabling duplicated address detection
DHCP client detects IP address conflict through ARP packets. An attacker can act as the IP address owner to send an ARP reply, making the client unable to use the IP address assigned by the server. As a best practice, disable duplicate address detection when ARP attacks exist on the network.
To enable duplicated address detection:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enable duplicate address detection. |
dhcp client dad enable |
By default, the duplicate address detection feature is enabled on an interface. |
Setting the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP client
The DSCP value of a packet specifies the priority level of the packet and affects the transmission priority of the packet.
To set the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP client:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Set the DSCP value for DHCP packets sent by the DHCP client. |
dhcp dscp dscp-value |
By default, the DSCP value in DHCP packets sent by the DHCP client is 56. |
Displaying and maintaining the DHCP client
Execute display command in any view.
Task |
Command |
Display DHCP client information. |
display dhcp client [ verbose ] [ interface interface-type interface-number ] |
DHCP client configuration example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 16, on a LAN, Switch B contacts the DHCP server through VLAN-interface 2 to obtain an IP address, DNS server address, and static route information. The DHCP client IP address resides on network 10.1.1.0/24. The DNS server address is 20.1.1.1. The next hop of the static route to network 20.1.1.0/24 is 10.1.1.2.
The DHCP server uses Option 121 to assign static route information to DHCP clients. Figure 15 shows the Option 121 format. The destination descriptor field contains the following parts: subnet mask length and destination network address, both in hexadecimal notation. In this example, the destination descriptor is 18 14 01 01 (the subnet mask length is 24 and the network address is 20.1.1.0 in dotted decimal notation). The next hop address is 0A 01 01 02 (10.1.1.2 in dotted decimal notation).
Configuration procedure
1. Configure Switch A:
# Specify the IP address of VLAN-interface 2.
<SwitchA> system-view
[SwitchA] interface vlan-interface 2
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface2] ip address 10.1.1.1 24
[SwitchA-Vlan-interface2] quit
# Enable the DHCP service.
[SwitchA] dhcp enable
# Exclude an IP address from dynamic allocation.
[SwitchA] dhcp server forbidden-ip 10.1.1.2
# Configure DHCP address pool 0 and specify the subnet, lease duration, DNS server address, and a static route to subnet 20.1.1.0/24.
[SwitchA] dhcp server ip-pool 0
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-0] network 10.1.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-0] expired day 10
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-0] dns-list 20.1.1.1
[SwitchA-dhcp-pool-0] option 121 hex 18 14 01 01 0A 01 01 02
2. Configure Switch B:
# Configure VLAN-interface 2 to use DHCP for IP address acquisition.
<SwitchB> system-view
[SwitchB] interface vlan-interface 2
[SwitchB-Vlan-interface2] ip address dhcp-alloc
[SwitchB-Vlan-interface2] quit
Verifying the configuration
# Use the display dhcp client command to display the IP address and other network parameters assigned to Switch B.
[SwitchB-Vlan-interface2] display dhcp client verbose
Vlan-interface2 DHCP client information:
Current state: BOUND
Allocated IP: 10.1.1.3 255.255.255.0
Allocated lease: 864000 seconds, T1: 331858 seconds, T2: 756000 seconds
Lease from May 21 19:00:29 2012 to May 31 19:00:29 2012
DHCP server: 10.1.1.1
Transaction ID: 0xcde72232
Classless static routes:
Destination: 20.1.1.0, Mask: 255.255.255.0, NextHop: 10.1.1.2
DNS servers: 20.1.1.1
Client ID type: acsii(type value=00)
Client ID value: 000c.29d3.8659-Vlan2
Client ID (with type) hex: 0030-3030-632e-3239-
6433-2e38-3635-392d-
4574-6830-2f30-2f32
T1 will timeout in 3 days 19 hours 48 minutes 43 seconds
# Use the display ip routing-table command to display the route information on Switch B. The output shows that a static route to network 20.1.1.0/24 is added to the routing table.
[SwitchB] display ip routing-table
Destinations : 11 Routes : 11
Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost NextHop Interface
10.1.1.0/24 Direct 0 0 10.1.1.3 Vlan2
10.1.1.3/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
20.1.1.0/24 Static 70 0 10.1.1.2 Vlan2
10.1.1.255/32 Direct 0 0 10.1.1.3 Vlan2
127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
127.0.0.0/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
127.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
224.0.0.0/4 Direct 0 0 0.0.0.0 NULL0
224.0.0.0/24 Direct 0 0 0.0.0.0 NULL0
255.255.255.255/32 Direct 0 0 127.0.0.1 InLoop0
Configuring DHCP snooping
DHCP snooping works between the DHCP client and server, or between the DHCP client and DHCP relay agent. It guarantees that DHCP clients obtain IP addresses from authorized DHCP servers. Also, it records IP-to-MAC bindings of DHCP clients (called DHCP snooping entries) for security purposes.
DHCP snooping does not work between the DHCP server and DHCP relay agent.
Overview
DHCP snooping defines trusted and untrusted ports to make sure clients obtain IP addresses only from authorized DHCP servers.
· Trusted—A trusted port can forward DHCP messages correctly to make sure the clients get IP addresses from authorized DHCP servers.
· Untrusted—An untrusted port discards received DHCP-ACK and DHCP-OFFER messages to prevent unauthorized servers from assigning IP addresses.
DHCP snooping reads DHCP-ACK messages received from trusted ports and DHCP-REQUEST messages to create DHCP snooping entries. A DHCP snooping entry includes the MAC and IP addresses of a client, the port that connects to the DHCP client, and the VLAN.
The following features need to use DHCP snooping entries:
· ARP detection—Uses DHCP snooping entries to filter ARP packets from unauthorized clients. For more information, see Security Configuration Guide.
· IP source guard—Uses DHCP snooping entries to filter illegal packets on a per-port basis. For more information, see Security Configuration Guide.
Application of trusted and untrusted ports
Configure ports facing the DHCP server as trusted ports, and configure other ports as untrusted ports.
As shown in Figure 17, configure the DHCP snooping device's port that is connected to the DHCP server as a trusted port. The trusted port forwards response messages from the DHCP server to the client. The untrusted port connected to the unauthorized DHCP server discards incoming DHCP response messages.
Figure 17 Trusted and untrusted ports
In a cascaded network as shown in Figure 18, configure each DHCP snooping device's ports connected to other DHCP snooping devices as trusted ports. To save system resources, you can disable the untrusted ports that are not directly connected to DHCP clients from generating DHCP snooping entries.
Figure 18 Trusted and untrusted ports in a cascaded network
DHCP snooping support for Option 82
Option 82 records the location information about the DHCP client so the administrator can locate the DHCP client for security and accounting purposes. For more information about Option 82, see "Relay agent option (Option 82)."
DHCP snooping uses the same strategies as the DHCP relay agent to handle Option 82 for DHCP request messages, as shown in Table 3. If a response returned by the DHCP server contains Option 82, DHCP snooping removes Option 82 before forwarding the response to the client. If the response contains no Option 82, DHCP snooping forwards it directly.
If a DHCP request has… |
Handling strategy |
DHCP snooping… |
Option 82 |
Drop |
Drops the message. |
Keep |
Forwards the message without changing Option 82. |
|
Replace |
Forwards the message after replacing the original Option 82 with the Option 82 padded according to the configured padding format, padding content, and code type. |
|
No Option 82 |
N/A |
Forwards the message after adding the Option 82 padded according to the configured padding format, padding content, and code type. |
DHCP snooping configuration task list
If you configure DHCP snooping settings on a Layer 2 Ethernet interface that has been added to an aggregation group, the settings do not take effect unless the interface is removed from the aggregation group.
Tasks at a glance |
(Required.) Configuring basic DHCP snooping |
(Optional.) Configuring Option 82 |
(Optional.) Configuring DHCP snooping entry auto backup |
(Optional.) Enabling DHCP starvation attack protection |
(Optional.) Enabling DHCP-REQUEST attack protection |
(Optional.) Setting the maximum number of DHCP snooping entries |
(Optional.) Configuring DHCP packet rate limit |
Configuring basic DHCP snooping
Follow these guidelines when you configure basic DHCP snooping:
· Specify the ports connected to authorized DHCP servers as trusted ports to make sure that DHCP clients can obtain valid IP addresses. The trusted ports and the ports connected to DHCP clients must be in the same VLAN.
· Layer 2 Ethernet interfaces and Layer 2 aggregate interfaces can be specified as trusted ports. For more information about aggregate interfaces, see Layer 2—LAN Switching Configuration Guide.
· If you configure DHCP snooping settings on a Layer 2 Ethernet interface that has been added to an aggregation group, the settings do not take effect unless the interface is removed from the aggregation group.
To configure basic DHCP snooping:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enable DHCP snooping. |
dhcp snooping enable |
By default, DHCP snooping is disabled. |
3. Enter interface view of a layer 2 Ethernet interface or a layer 2 aggregate interface. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
This interface must connect to the DHCP server. |
4. Specify the port as a trusted port. |
dhcp snooping trust |
By default, all ports are untrusted ports after DHCP snooping is enabled. |
5. Return to system view. |
quit |
N/A |
6. Enter interface view of a layer 2 Ethernet interface or a layer 2 aggregate interface. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
This interface must connect to the DHCP client. |
7. (Optional.) Enable recording of DHCP snooping entries. |
By default, after DHCP snooping is enabled, recording of DHCP snooping entries is disabled. |
Configuring Option 82
Follow these guidelines when you configure Option 82:
· If you configure Option 82 on a Layer 2 Ethernet interface that has been added to an aggregation group, the settings do not take effect unless the interface is removed from the aggregation group.
· To support Option 82, you must configure Option 82 on both the DHCP server and the DHCP snooping device. For information about configuring Option 82 on the DHCP server, see "Enabling handling of Option 82."
· If the handling strategy is configured as replace, you must configure a padding format for Option 82. If the handling strategy is keep or drop, there is no need to configure any padding format.
· If Option 82 contains the device name, the device name must include no spaces. Otherwise, DHCP snooping drops the message. You can use the sysname command to specify the device name. For more information about this command, see Fundamentals Command Reference.
To configure DHCP snooping to support Option 82:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view of a layer 2 Ethernet interface or a layer 2 aggregate interface. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Enable DHCP snooping to support Option 82. |
dhcp snooping information enable |
By default, DHCP snooping does not support Option 82. |
4. (Optional.) Configure a handling strategy for DHCP requests that contain Option 82. |
dhcp snooping information strategy { drop | keep | replace } |
By default, the handling strategy is replace. |
5. (Optional.) Configure the padding content and code type for the Circuit ID sub-option. |
dhcp snooping information circuit-id { [ vlan vlan-id ] string circuit-id | { normal | verbose [ node-identifier { mac | sysname | user-defined node-identifier } ] } [ format { ascii | hex } ] } |
By default, the padding format is normal and the code type is hex for the Circuit ID sub-option. |
6. (Optional.) Configure the padding content and code type for the Remote ID sub-option. |
dhcp snooping information remote-id { normal [ format { ascii | hex } ] | [ vlan vlan-id ] string remote-id | sysname } |
By default, the padding format is normal and the code type is hex for the Remote ID sub-option. |
Configuring DHCP snooping entry auto backup
DHCP snooping entries cannot survive a reboot. If the DHCP snooping device is rebooted, security features (such as IP source guard) that use DHCP snooping entries to authenticate users reject requests from clients until new entries are learned.
To avoid this problem, you can back up DHCP snooping entries to a file so that DHCP snooping can read DHCP snooping entries from this file during a reboot.
|
NOTE: If you disable DHCP snooping with the undo dhcp snooping enable command, the device deletes all DHCP snooping entries, including those stored in the specified file. |
To save DHCP snooping entries:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Specify a file to save DHCP snooping entries. |
dhcp snooping binding database filename { filename | url url [ username username [ password { cipher | simple } key ] ] } |
By default, no file is specified. This command enables the device to immediately save DHCP snooping entries to the specified database file. If the file does not exist, the device automatically creates the file. The device does not update the file for a specified amount of time after a DHCP snooping entry changes. The default period is 300 seconds. To change the value, use the dhcp snooping binding database update interval command. |
3. (Optional.) Manually save DHCP snooping entries to the file. |
dhcp snooping binding database update now |
DHCP snooping entries are saved to the database file each time this command is executed. |
4. (Optional.) Set the amount of time to wait after a DHCP snooping entry changes before updating the database file. |
dhcp snooping binding database update interval seconds |
The default setting is 300 seconds. When a DHCP snooping entry is learned or removed, the device does not update the database file until after the specified waiting period. All changed entries during that period will be updated. |
Enabling DHCP starvation attack protection
A DHCP starvation attack occurs when an attacker constantly sends forged DHCP requests that contain identical or different sender MAC addresses in the chaddr field to a DHCP server. This attack exhausts the IP address resources of the DHCP server so legitimate DHCP clients cannot obtain IP addresses. The DHCP server might also fail to work because of exhaustion of system resources. For information about the fields of DHCP packet, see "DHCP message format."
Protect against starvation attacks in the following ways:
· To relieve a DHCP starvation attack that uses DHCP requests encapsulated with different sender MAC addresses, you can limit the number of MAC addresses that a Layer 2 port can learn by using the mac-address max-mac-count command. For more information about the command, see Layer 2—LAN Switching Command Reference.
· To prevent a DHCP starvation attack that uses DHCP requests encapsulated with the same sender MAC address, perform this task to enable MAC address check for DHCP snooping. This feature compares the chaddr field of a received DHCP request with the source MAC address field in the frame header. If they are the same, the request is considered valid and forwarded to the DHCP server. If not, the request is discarded.
To enable MAC address check:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view of a layer 2 Ethernet interface or a layer 2 aggregate interface. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Enable MAC address check. |
dhcp snooping check mac-address |
By default, MAC address check is disabled. |
Enabling DHCP-REQUEST attack protection
DHCP-REQUEST messages include DHCP lease renewal packets, DHCP-DECLINE packets, and DHCP-RELEASE packets. This feature prevents the unauthorized clients that forge the DHCP-REQUEST messages from attacking the DHCP server.
Attackers can forge DHCP lease renewal packets to renew leases for legitimate DHCP clients that no longer need the IP addresses. These forged messages disable the victim DHCP server from releasing the IP addresses.
Attackers can also forge DHCP-DECLINE or DHCP-RELEASE packets to terminate leases for legitimate DHCP clients that still need the IP addresses.
To prevent such attacks, you can enable DHCP-REQUEST check. This feature uses DHCP snooping entries to check incoming DHCP-REQUEST messages. If a matching entry is found for a message, this feature compares the entry with the message information. If they are consistent, the message is considered as valid and forwarded to the DHCP server. If they are different, the message is considered as a forged message and is discarded. If no matching entry is found, the message is considered valid and forwarded to the DHCP server.
To enable DHCP-REQUEST check:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view of a layer 2 Ethernet interface or a layer 2 aggregate interface. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Enable DHCP-REQUEST check. |
dhcp snooping check request-message |
By default, DHCP-REQUEST check is disabled. You can enable DHCP-REQUEST check only on Layer 2 Ethernet interfaces and Layer 2 aggregate interfaces. |
Setting the maximum number of DHCP snooping entries
Perform this task to prevent the system resources from being overused.
To set the maximum number of DHCP snooping entries:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view of a layer 2 Ethernet interface or a layer 2 aggregate interface. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Set the maximum number of DHCP snooping entries that the interface can learn. |
dhcp snooping max-learning-num number |
By default, the number of DHCP snooping entries for an interface to learn is not limited. |
Configuring DHCP packet rate limit
Perform this task to configure the maximum rate at which an interface can receive DHCP packets. This feature discards exceeding DHCP packets to prevent attacks that send large numbers of DHCP packets.
To configure DHCP packet rate limit:
Step |
Command |
Remarks |
1. Enter system view. |
system-view |
N/A |
2. Enter interface view of a layer 2 Ethernet interface or a layer 2 aggregate interface. |
interface interface-type interface-number |
N/A |
3. Configure the maximum rate at which the interface can receive DHCP packets. |
dhcp snooping rate-limit rate |
By default, incoming DHCP packets are not rate limited. You can configure this command only on Layer 2 Ethernet interfaces and Layer 2 aggregate interfaces. If you configure the rate on a Layer 2 Ethernet interface that is a member port of a Layer 2 aggregate interface, the Layer 2 Ethernet interface uses the DHCP packet maximum rate configured on the Layer 2 aggregate interface. If the Layer 2 Ethernet interface leaves the aggregation group, it uses its own DHCP packet maximum rate. |
Displaying and maintaining DHCP snooping
Execute display commands in any view, and reset commands in user view.
Task |
Command |
Remarks |
Display DHCP snooping entries. |
display dhcp snooping binding [ ip ip-address [ vlan vlan-id ] ] |
Available in any view. |
Display Option 82 configuration information on the DHCP snooping device. |
display dhcp snooping information { all | interface interface-type interface-number } |
Available in any view. |
Display DHCP packet statistics on the DHCP snooping device (in standalone mode). |
display dhcp snooping packet statistics [ slot slot-number ] |
Available in any view. |
Display DHCP packet statistics on the DHCP snooping device (in IRF mode). |
display dhcp snooping packet statistics [ chassis chassis-number slot slot-number ] |
Available in any view. |
Display information about trusted ports. |
display dhcp snooping trust |
Available in any view. |
Display information about the file that stores DHCP snooping entries. |
display dhcp snooping binding database |
Available in any view. |
Clear DHCP snooping entries. |
reset dhcp snooping binding { all | ip ip-address [ vlan vlan-id ] } |
Available in user view. |
Clear DHCP packet statistics on the DHCP snooping device (distributed devices–centralized IRF devices–in standalone mode). |
reset dhcp snooping packet statistics [ slot slot-number ] |
Available in user view. |
Clear DHCP packet statistics on the DHCP snooping device (distributed devices–in IRF mode). |
reset dhcp snooping packet statistics [ chassis chassis-number slot slot-number ] |
Available in user view. |
DHCP snooping configuration examples
Basic DHCP snooping configuration example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 19, configure the port FortyGigE 1/0/1 connected to the DHCP server as a trusted port and configure other ports as untrusted ports. Enable DHCP snooping to record clients' IP-MAC bindings by reading DHCP-ACK messages received from the trusted port and DHCP-REQUEST messages.
Configuration procedure
# Enable DHCP snooping.
<SwitchB> system-view
[SwitchB] dhcp snooping enable
# Configure FortyGigE 1/0/1 as a trusted port.
[SwitchB] interface FortyGigE 1/0/1
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/1] dhcp snooping trust
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/1] quit
# Enable DHCP snooping to record clients' IP-MAC bindings on FortyGigE 1/0/2.
[SwitchB] interface FortyGigE 1/0/2
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/2] dhcp snooping binding record
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/2] quit
Verifying the configuration
The DHCP client can obtain an IP address and other configuration parameters only from the authorized DHCP server. You can display the DHCP snooping entry recorded for the client with the display dhcp snooping binding command.
Option 82 configuration example
Network requirements
As shown in Figure 20, enable DHCP snooping and configure Option 82 on Switch B as follows:
· Configure the handling strategy for DHCP requests that contain Option 82 as replace.
· On FortyGigE1/0/2, configure the padding content for the Circuit ID sub-option as company001 and for the Remote ID sub-option as device001.
· On FortyGigE1/0/3, for the Circuit ID sub-option, configure the padding format as verbose, access node identifier as sysname, and code type as ascii. For the Remote ID sub-option, configure the padding content as device001.
Configuration procedure
# Enable DHCP snooping.
<SwitchB> system-view
[SwitchB] dhcp snooping enable
# Configure FortyGigE 1/0/1 as a trusted port.
[SwitchB] interface FortyGigE1/0/1
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/1] dhcp snooping trust
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/1] quit
# Configure Option 82 on FortyGigE 1/0/2.
[SwitchB] interface FortyGigE1/0/2
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/2] dhcp snooping information enable
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/2] dhcp snooping information strategy replace
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/2] dhcp snooping information circuit-id string company001
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/2] dhcp snooping information remote-id string device001
# Configure Option 82 on FortyGigE 1/0/3.
[SwitchB] interface FortyGigE 1/0/3
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/3] dhcp snooping information enable
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/3] dhcp snooping information strategy replace
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/3] dhcp snooping information circuit-id verbose node-identifier sysname format ascii
[SwitchB-FortyGigE1/0/3] dhcp snooping information remote-id string device001
Verifying the configuration
Use the display dhcp snooping information command to display Option 82 configuration information on FortyGigE 1/0/2 and FortyGigE 1/0/3 on the DHCP snooping device.