Contents

Configuring the packet capture· 1

Overview·· 1

Packet capture modes· 1

Filter elements· 1

Building a capture filter 7

Building a display filter 8

Packet capture configuration task list 9

Configuring local packet capture on an AP radio· 10

Configuring remote packet capture on an AP radio· 10

Displaying and maintaining packet capture· 11

Packet capture configuration examples· 12

Local packet capture configuration example· 12

Remote packet capture configuration example· 13

 

Configuring the packet capture

A CF card is used as an example in this chapter. For information about the storage media supported by the device, see file system management in Fundamentals Configuration Guide.

Overview

The packet capture feature captures incoming packets that are to be forwarded in CPU. The feature displays the captured packets in real time, and allows you to save the captured packets to a .pcap file for future analysis.

Packet capture modes

You can configure packet capture for only one user at a time.

Local packet capture

Local packet capture saves the captured packets to a remote file on an FTP server, to a local file, or displays the captured packets at the CLI.

Remote packet capture

Remote packet capture displays the captured packets on a Wireshark client. Before using remote packet capture, you must install the Wireshark software on a PC and connect the PC to the device to be used to capture packets. The device sends the packet data to be displayed to the Wireshark client.

Filter elements

The packet capture supports capture filters and display filters. You can use expressions to match packets to capture or display.

A capture or display filter contains a keyword string or multiple keyword strings that are connected by operators.

Keywords include the following types:

·     Qualifiers—Fixed keyword strings. For example, you must use the ip qualifier to specify the IPv4 protocol.

·     Variables—Values supplied by users in the required format. For example, you can set an IP address to 2.2.2.2 or any other valid values.

A variable must be modified by one or multiple qualifiers. For example, to capture any packets sent from the host at 2.2.2.2, use the filter src host 2.2.2.2.

Operators include the following types:

·     Logical operators—Perform logical operations, such as the AND operation.

·     Arithmetic operators—Perform arithmetic operations, such as the ADD operation.

·     Relational operators—Indicate the relation between keyword strings. For example, the = operator indicates equality.

This document provides basic information about these elements. For more information about capture and display filters, go to the following websites:

·     http://wiki.wireshark.org/CaptureFilters.

·     http://wiki.wireshark.org/DisplayFilters.

Capture filter keywords

Table 1 and Table 2 describe the qualifiers and variables for capture filters, respectively.

Table 1 Qualifiers for capture filters

Category	Description	Examples
Protocol	Matches a protocol. If you do not specify a protocol qualifier, the filter matches any supported protocols.	·     arp—Matches ARP. ·     icmp—Matches ICMP. ·     ip—Matches IPv4. ·     ipv6—Matches IPv6. ·     tcp—Matches TCP. ·     udp—Matches UDP.
Direction	Matches packets based on its source or destination location (an IP address or port number). If you do not specify a direction qualifier, the src or dst qualifier applies.	·     src—Matches the source IP address field. ·     dst—Matches the destination IP address field. ·     src or dst—Matches the source or destination IP address field. NOTE: The src or dst qualifier applies if you do not specify a direction qualifier. For example, port 23 is equivalent to src or dst port 23.
Type	Specifies the direction type.	·     host—Matches the IP address of a host. ·     net—Matches an IP subnet. ·     port—Matches a service port number. ·     portrange—Matches a service port range. NOTE: The host qualifier applies if you do not specify any type qualifier. For example, src 2.2.2.2 is equivalent to src host 2.2.2.2. To specify an IPv6 subnet, you must specify the net qualifier.
Others	Any other qualifiers than the previously described qualifiers.	·     broadcast—Matches broadcast packets. ·     multicast—Matches multicast and broadcast packets. ·     less—Matches packets that are less than or equal to a specific size. ·     greater—Matches packets that are greater than or equal to a specific size. ·     len—Matches the packet length. ·     vlan—Matches VLAN packets.

 

NOTE: The broadcast, multicast, and all protocol qualifiers cannot modify variables.

 

Table 2 Variable types for capture filters

Variable type	Description		Examples
Integer	Represented in binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal notation.		The port 23 expression matches traffic sent to or from port number 23.
Integer range	Represented by hyphenated integers.		The portrange 100-200 expression matches traffic sent to or from any ports in the range of 100 to 200.
IPv4 address	Represented in dotted decimal notation.		The src 1.1.1.1 expression matches traffic sent from the IPv4 host at 1.1.1.1.
IPv6 address	Represented in colon hexadecimal notation.		The dst host 1::1 expression matches traffic sent to the IPv6 host at 1::1.
IPv4 subnet	Represented by an IPv4 network ID or an IPv4 address with a mask.		Both of the following expressions match traffic sent to or from the IPv4 subnet 1.1.1.0/24: ·     src 1.1.1. ·     src net 1.1.1.0/24.
IPv6 network segment		Represented by an IPv6 address with a prefix length.	The dst net 1::/64 expression matches traffic sent to the IPv6 network 1::/64.

 

Capture filter operators

Capture filters support logical operators (Table 3), arithmetic operators (Table 4), and relational operators (Table 5). Logical operators can use both alphanumeric and nonalphanumeric symbols. The arithmetic and relational operators can use only nonalphanumeric symbols.

Logical operators are left associative. They group from left to right. The not operator has the highest priority. The and and or operators have the same priority.

Table 3 Logical operators for capture filters

Nonalphanumeric symbol	Alphanumeric symbol	Description
!	not	Reverses the result of a condition. Use this operator to capture traffic that matches the opposite value of a condition. For example, to capture non-HTTP traffic, use not port 80.
&&	and	Joins two conditions. Use this operator to capture traffic that matches both conditions. For example, to capture non-HTTP traffic that is sent to or from 1.1.1.1, use host 1.1.1.1 and not port 80.
||	or	Joins two conditions. Use this operator to capture traffic that matches either of the conditions. For example, to capture traffic that is sent to or from 1.1.1.1 or 2.2.2.2, use host 1.1.1.1 or host 2.2.2.2.

 

Table 4 Arithmetic operators for capture filters

Nonalphanumeric symbol	Description
+	Adds two values.
-	Subtracts one value from another.
*	Multiplies one value by another.
/	Divides one value by another.
&	Returns the result of the bitwise AND operation on two integral values in binary form.
|	Returns the result of the bitwise OR operation on two integral values in binary form.
<<	Performs the bitwise left shift operation on the operand to the left of the operator. The right-hand operand specifies the number of bits to shift.
>>	Performs the bitwise right shift operation on the operand to the left of the operator. The right-hand operand specifies the number of bits to shift.
[ ]	Specifies a byte offset relative to a protocol layer. This offset indicates the byte where the matching begins. You must enclose the offset value in the brackets and specify a protocol qualifier. For example, ip[6] matches the seventh byte of payload in IPv4 packets (the byte that is six bytes away from the beginning of the IPv4 payload).

 

Table 5 Relational operators for capture filters

Nonalphanumeric symbol	Description
=	Equal to. For example, ip[6]=0x1c matches an IPv4 packet if its seventh byte of payload is equal to 0x1c.
!=	Not equal to. For example, len!=60 matches a packet if its length is not equal to 60 bytes.
>	Greater than. For example, len>100 matches a packet if its length is greater than 100 bytes.
<	Less than. For example, len<100 matches a packet if its length is less than 100 bytes.
>=	Greater than or equal to. For example, len>=100 matches a packet if its length is greater than or equal to 100 bytes.
<=	Less than or equal to. For example, len<=100 matches a packet if its length is less than or equal to 100 bytes.

 

Display filter keywords

Table 6 and Table 7 describe the qualifiers and variables for display filters, respectively.

Table 6 Qualifiers for display filters

Category	Description	Examples
Protocol	Matches a protocol.	·     eth—Matches Ethernet. ·     ftp—Matches FTP. ·     icmp—Matches ICMP. ·     ip—Matches IPv4. ·     ipv6—Matches IPv6. ·     tcp—Matches TCP. ·     telnet—Matches Telnet. ·     udp—Matches UDP.
Packet field	Matches a field in packets by using a dotted string in the protocol.field[.level1-subfield]…[.leveln-subfield] format.	·     tcp.flags.syn—Matches the SYN bit in the flags field of TCP. ·     tcp.port—Matches the source or destination port field.

 

NOTE: The protocol qualifiers cannot modify variables.

 

Table 7 Variable types for display filters

Variable type	Description
Integer	Represented in binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal notation. For example, to display IP packets that are less than or equal to 1500 bytes, use one of the following expressions: ·     ip.len le 1500. ·     ip.len le 02734. ·     ip.len le 0x436.
Boolean	This variable type has two values: true or false. This variable type applies if you use a packet field string alone to identify the presence of a field in a packet. ·     If the field is present, the match result is true. The filter displays the packet. ·     If the field is not present, the match result is false. The filter does not display the packet. For example, to display TCP packets that contain the SYN field, use tcp.flags.syn.
MAC address (six bytes)	Uses colons (:), dots (.), or hyphens (-) to break up the MAC address into two or four segments. For example, to display packets that contain a destination MAC address of ffff.ffff.ffff, use one of the following expressions: ·     eth.dst==ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff. ·     eth.dst==ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff. ·     eth.dst ==ffff.ffff.ffff.
IPv4 address	Represented in dotted decimal notation. For example: ·     To display IPv4 packets that are sent to or from 192.168.0.1, use ip.addr==192.168.0.1. ·     To display IPv4 packets that are sent to or from 129.111.0.0/16, use ip.addr==129.111.0.0/16.
IPv6 address	Represented in colon hexadecimal notation. For example: ·     To display IPv6 packets that are sent to or from 1::1, use ipv6.addr==1::1. ·     To display IPv6 packets that are sent to or from 1::/64, use ipv6.addr==1::/64.
String	Character string. For example, to display HTTP packets that contain the string HTTP/1.1 for the request version field, use http.request version=="HTTP/1.1".

 

Display filter operators

Display filters support logical operators (Table 8) and relational operators (Table 9). Both operator types can use alphanumeric and nonalphanumeric symbols.

Logical operators are left associative. They group from left to right. Table 8 displays logical operators by priority, from the highest to the lowest. The and and or operators have the same priority.

Table 8 Logical operators for display filters

Nonalphanumeric symbol	Alphanumeric symbol	Description
[ ]	No alphanumeric symbol is available.	Used with protocol qualifiers. For more information, see "The proto[…] expression."
!	not	Displays packets that do not match the condition connected to this operator.
&&	and	Joins two conditions. Use this operator to display traffic that matches both conditions.
||	or	Joins two conditions. Use this operator to display traffic that matches either of the conditions.

 

Table 9 Relational operators for display filters

Nonalphanumeric symbol	Alphanumeric symbol	Description
==	eq	Equal to. For example, ip.src==10.0.0.5 displays packets with the source IP address as 10.0.0.5.
!=	ne	Not equal to. For example, ip.src!=10.0.0.5 displays packets whose source IP address is not 10.0.0.5.
>	gt	Greater than. For example, frame.len>100 displays frames with a length greater than 100 bytes.
<	lt	Less than. For example, frame.len<100 displays frames with a length less than 100 bytes.
>=	ge	Greater than or equal to. For example, frame.len ge 0x100 displays frames with a length greater than or equal to 256 bytes.
<=	le	Less than or equal to. For example, frame.len le 0x100 displays frames with a length less than or equal to 256 bytes.

 

Building a capture filter

This section provides the most commonly used expression types for capture filters.

Logical expression

Use this type of expression to capture packets that match the result of logical operations.

Logical expressions contain keywords and logical operators. For example:

·     not port 23 and not port 22—Captures packets with a port number that is not 23 or 22.

·     port 23 or icmp—Captures packets with a port number 23 or ICMP packets.

In a logical expression, a qualifier can modify more than one variable connected by its nearest logical operator. For example, to capture packets sourced from IPv4 address 192.168.56.1 or IPv4 network 192.168.27, use either of the following expressions:

·     src 192.168.56.1 or 192.168.27.

·     src 192.168.56.1 or src 192.168.27.

The expr relop expr expression

Use this type of expression to capture packets that match the result of arithmetic operations.

This expression contains keywords, arithmetic operators (expr), and relational operators (relop). For example, len+100>=200 captures packets that are greater than or equal to 100 bytes.

The proto [ expr:size ] expression

Use this type of expression to capture packets that match the result of arithmetic operations on a number of bytes relative to a protocol layer.

This type of expression contains the following elements:

·     proto—Specifies a protocol layer.

·     []—Performs arithmetic operations on a number of bytes relative to the protocol layer.

·     expr—Specifies the arithmetic expression.

·     size—Specifies the byte offset. This offset indicates the number of bytes relative to the protocol layer. The operation is performed on the specified bytes. The offset is set to 1 byte if you do not specify an offset.

For example, ip[0]&0xf !=5 captures an IP packet if the result of ANDing the first byte with 0x0f is not 5.

To match a field, you can specify a field name for expr:size. For example, icmp[icmptype]=0x08 captures ICMP packets that contain a value of 0x08 in the Type field.

The vlan vlan_id expression

Use this type of expression to capture 802.1Q tagged VLAN traffic.

This type of expression contains the vlan vlan_id keywords and logical operators. The vlan_id variable is an integer that specifies a VLAN ID. For example, vlan 1 and ip6 captures IPv6 packets in VLAN 1.

To capture 802.1Q tagged traffic, you must use the vlan vlan_id expression prior to any other expressions. An expression matches untagged packets if it does not follow a vlan vlan_id expression. For example:

·     vlan 1 and !tcp—Captures VLAN 1-tagged non-TCP packets.

·     icmp and vlan 1—Captures untagged ICMP packets that are VLAN 1 tagged. This expression does not capture any packets because no packets can be both tagged and untagged.

Building a display filter

This section provides the most commonly used expression types for display filters.

Logical expression

Use this type of expression to display packets that match the result of logical operations.

Logical expressions contain keywords and logical operators. For example, ftp or icmp displays all FTP packets and ICMP packets.

Relational expression

Use this type of expression to display packets that match the result of comparison operations.

Relational expressions contain keywords and relational operators. For example, ip.len<=28 displays IP packets that contain a value of 28 or fewer bytes in the length field.

Packet field expression

Use this type of expression to display packets that contain a specific field.

Packet field expressions contain only packet field strings. For example, tcp.flags.syn displays all TCP packets that contain the SYN bit field.

The proto[…] expression

Use this type of expression to display packets that contain specific field values.

This type of expression contains the following elements:

·     proto—Specifies a protocol layer or packet field.

·     […]—Matches a number of bytes relative to a protocol layer or packet field. Values for the bytes to be matched must be a hexadecimal integer string. The expression in brackets can use the following formats:

¡     [n:m]—Matches a total of m bytes after an offset of n bytes from the beginning of the specified protocol layer or field. To match only 1 byte, you can use both [n] and [n:1] formats. For example, eth.src[0:3]==00:00:83 matches an Ethernet frame if the first three bytes of its source MAC address are 0x00, 0x00, and 0x83. The eth.src[2] == 83 expression matches an Ethernet frame if the third byte of its source MAC address is 0x83.

¡     [n-m]—Matches a total of (m-n+1) bytes, starting from the (n+1)th byte relative to the beginning of the specified protocol layer or packet field. For example, eth.src[1-2]==00:83 matches an Ethernet frame if the second and third bytes of its source MAC address are 0x00 and 0x83, respectively.

Packet capture configuration task list

Tasks at a glance

(Required.) Perform one of the following tasks: ·     Configuring local packet capture on an AP radio ·     Configuring remote packet capture on an AP radio

 

Configuring local packet capture on an AP radio

Perform this task to capture incoming packets on an AP radio and save the captured packets to a file on an FTP server. To display the captured packets, use the Wireshark client connected to the FTP server. To stop the capture while it is capturing packets, use the packet-capture stop command.

When a local AC on a hierarchical network goes offline, the central AC stops the packet capture management processes for the APs connected to the local AC. However, packet capture on the APs continues. To stop the packet capture, you must enable packet capture on the central AC for the APs again and execute the packet-capture stop command.

To configure local packet capture on an AP radio:

 

Task	Command	Remarks
Configure local packet capture on an AP radio.	packet-capture local ap ap-name radio radio-id [ capture-filter capt-expression | limit-frame-size bytes | autostop filesize kilobytes | autostop duration seconds ] * write url url [ username username [ password { cipher | simple } key ] ]	After this command is executed, you can still configure other commands from the CLI. The operation does not affect the packet capture.

 

Configuring remote packet capture on an AP radio

Perform this task to enable remote packet capture and use Wireshark to display captured packets. To stop the capture while it is capturing packets, use the packet-capture stop command.

When a local AC on a hierarchical network goes offline, the central AC stops the packet capture management processes for the APs connected to the local AC. However, packet capture on the APs continues. To stop the packet capture, you must enable packet capture on the central AC for the APs again and execute the packet-capture stop command.

To configure remote packet capture on an AP radio:

 

Task	Command
Configure remote packet capture on an AP radio.	packet-capture remote ap ap-name radio radio-id [ port port ]

 

To display the captured packets, perform the following tasks:

1.     Connect the Wireshark client to the device that captures packets.

2.     Start Wireshark and select Capture > Options.

3.     Select Remote from the Interface list.

4.     Enter the IP address of the remote interface and the RPCAP service port number on the window that appears, and click OK.

Make sure the interface IP address is reachable for the Wireshark. You can use the default RPCAP service port 2002.

5.     Click Start.

Figure 1 Configuring Wireshark capture options

 

Displaying and maintaining packet capture

Execute display commands in any view.

 

Task	Command
Display the packet capture status.	display packet-capture status

 

Packet capture configuration examples

Local packet capture configuration example

Network requirements

As shown in Figure 2, enable local packet capture on radio 1 of the AP to capture 1 KB of TCP packets sourced from 192.168.20.173. The switch acts as the FTP server for storing the captured packets sent by the AP.

Figure 2 Network diagram

 

Configuration procedure

1.     Configure the switch:

# Create a device management user.

<Switch> system-view

[Switch] local-user abc class manage

# Set a password for the local user to 123456 in plain text.

[Switch-luser-abc] password simple 123456

# Specify the user role for the user as network-admin and specify a working directory for the user.

[Switch-luser-abc] authorization-attribute user-role network-admin work-directory cfa0:/

# Specify the service type for the user as ftp.

[Switch-luser-abc] service-type ftp

[Switch-luser-abc] quit

# Enable the FTP server on the switch.

[Switch] ftp server enable

[Switch] quit

2.     On radio 1 of the AP, capture 1 KB of TCP packets sourced from 192.168.20.173. Specify the username as abc and the password as 123456. Save the captured packets in the abc.pcap file on the FTP server at 10.1.1.1.

<AC> packet-capture local ap ap1 radio 1 autostop filesize 1 capture-filter "src 192.168.20.173 and tcp" write url ftp://10.1.1.1/abc.pcap username abc password simple 123456

Verifying the configuration

# Execute the display packet-capture status command to display the capture status.

# Connect the Wireshark client to the FTP server and display the captured packets on the PC. (Details not shown.)

Remote packet capture configuration example

Network requirements

As shown in Figure 3, enable remote packet capture on radio 1 of the AP and use Wireshark to display the captured packets.

Figure 3 Network diagram

 

Configuration procedure

1.     Configure remote packet capture on radio 1 of the AP and specify the RPCAP service port number as 2014.

<AC> packet-capture remote ap ap1 radio 1 port 2014

2.     Display captured packets on the PC:

a.     Start Wireshark and select Capture > Options.

b.     Select Remote from the Interface list.

c.     Enter the IP address 10.1.1.1 and the port number 2014, and click OK.

d.     Click Start.

The captured packets are displayed on the page that appears.

Figure 4 Displaying the captured packets on the Wireshark