Contents

Managing file systems· 1

Overview·· 1

File systems· 1

Directories· 2

Files· 2

Specifying a directory name or file name· 3

FIPS compliance· 3

File system management restrictions and guidelines· 3

Managing storage media and file systems· 4

Partitioning a USB disk· 4

Mounting or unmounting a file system·· 5

Formatting a file system·· 5

Repairing a file system·· 6

Managing directories· 6

Displaying directory information· 6

Displaying the working directory· 6

Changing the working directory· 6

Creating a directory· 6

Renaming a directory· 7

Archiving or extracting directories· 7

Deleting a directory· 7

Setting the operation mode for directories· 7

Managing files· 8

Displaying file information· 8

Displaying the contents of a text file· 8

Renaming a file· 8

Copying a file· 8

Moving a file· 9

Compressing or decompressing a file· 9

Archiving or extracting files· 9

Deleting or restoring a file· 9

Deleting files from the recycle bin· 10

Calculating the file digest 10

Setting the operation mode for files· 10

Executing a batch file· 10

 

Managing file systems

Overview

File systems

The device supports the flash memory and USB disk.

·          The flash memory has one file system.

·          The USB disk can be partitioned. An unpartitioned storage medium has one file system. A partitioned storage medium has one file system on each partition.

File system naming conventions

The name of the file system on a flash memory has the following parts:

·          File system location. For more information, see "File system location".

·          Storage medium type flash.

·          Colon (:).

The name of a file system on a USB disk has the following parts:

·          File system location. For more information, see "File system location".

·          Storage medium type usb.

·          Sequence number, a lower-case English letter such as a, b, or c.

·          Partition number, a digit that starts at 0 and increments by 1. If the USB disk is not partitioned, the system determines that the USB disk has one partition.

·          Colon (:).

For example, the file system on the first partition of the first USB disk is named usba0:.

 

	IMPORTANT: File system names are case sensitive and must be entered in lower case.

 

File system location

(In standalone mode.) To identify a file system on the active MPU, you do not need to specify the file system location. To identify a file system on the standby MPU, you must specify the file system location in the slotn# format. The n argument represents the slot number of a card. For example, the location is slot16# for a file system that resides on the card in slot 16.

(In IRF mode.) To identify a file system on the global active MPU, you do not need to specify the file system location. To identify a file system on a global standby MPU, you must specify the file system location in the chassism#slotn# format. The m argument represents the member ID of the IRF member device. The n argument represents the slot number of the MPU. For example, the location is chassis2#slot16# for a file system that resides on the MPU in slot 16 of member device 2.

 

Default file system

You are working with the default file system by default after you log in. To specify a file or directory on the default file system, you do not need to specify the file system name. For example, you do not need to specify any location information if you want to save the running configuration to the root directory of the default file system.

To change the default file system, use the BootWare menu. For more information, see the software release notes.

Directories

Directories in a file system are structured in a tree form.

Root directory

The root directory is represented by a forwarding slash (/). For example, flash:/ represents the root directory of the flash memory.

Working directory

The working directory is also called the current directory.

In standalone mode, the default working directory is the root directory of the flash memory on the active MPU.

In IRF mode, the default working directory is the root directory of the flash memory on the global active MPU.

Directory naming conventions

When you specify a name for a directory, follow these conventions:

·          A directory name can contain letters, digits, and special characters.

·          A directory whose name starts with a dot character (.) is a hidden directory. To prevent the system from hiding a directory, make sure the directory name does not start with a dot character.

Commonly used directories

The device has some factory-default directories. The system automatically creates directories during operation. These directories include:

·          diagfile—Stores diagnostic information files.

·          license—Stores license files.

·          logfile—Stores log files.

·          seclog—Stores security log files.

·          versionInfo—Stores software version information files.

Files

File naming conventions

When you specify a name for a file, follow these conventions:

·          A file name can contain letters, digits, and special characters.

·          A file whose name starts with a dot character (.) is a hidden file. To prevent the system from hiding a file, make sure the file name does not start with a dot character.

Common file types

The device is shipped with some files. The system automatically creates files during operation. The types of these files include:

·          .ipe file—Compressed software image package file.

·          .bin file—Software image file.

·          .cfg file—Configuration file.

·          .mdb file—Binary configuration file.

·          .log file—Log file.

Hidden files and directories

Some system files and directories are hidden. For correct system operation and full functionality, do not modify or delete hidden files or directories.

Specifying a directory name or file name

Specifying a directory name

To specify a directory, you can use the absolute path or a relative path. For example, the working directory is flash:/. To specify the test2 directory in Figure 1, you can use the following methods:

·          flash:/test/test1/test2 (absolute path)

·          flash:/test/test1/test2/ (absolute path)

·          test/test1/test2 (relative path)

·          test/test1/test2/ (relative path)

Figure 1 Sample directory hierarchy

 

Specifying a file name

To specify a file, use the following methods:

·          Enter the absolute path of the file and the file name in the format of filesystem/directory1/directory2/…/directoryn/filename, where directoryn is the directory in which the file resides.

·          Enter the relative path of the file and the file name.

For example, the working directory is flash:/. The samplefile.cfg file is in the test2 directory shown in Figure 1. To specify the file, you can use the following methods:

·          flash:/test/test1/test2/samplefile.cfg

·          test/test1/test2/samplefile.cfg

FIPS compliance

The device supports the FIPS mode that complies with NIST FIPS 140-2 requirements. Support for features, commands, and parameters might differ in FIPS mode and non-FIPS mode. For more information about FIPS mode, see Security Configuration Guide.

File system management restrictions and guidelines

To avoid file system corruption, do not perform the following tasks during file system management:

·          Installing or removing storage media.

·          Installing or removing cards.

·          Performing an active/standby switchover in standalone mode.

·          Performing a switchover between the global active MPU and a global standby MPU in IRF mode.

·          Creating, deleting, starting, or stopping an MDC.

If you remove a storage medium while a directory or file on the medium is being accessed, the device might not recognize the medium when you reinstall it. To reinstall this kind of storage medium, perform one of the following tasks:

·          If you were accessing a directory on the storage medium, change the working directory.

·          If you were accessing a file on the storage medium, close the file.

·          If another administrator was accessing the storage medium, unmount all partitions on the storage medium.

Make sure a USB disk is not write protected before an operation that requires the write right on the disk.

You cannot access a storage medium that is being partitioned, or a file system that is being formatted or repaired. To access a storage medium after it is partitioned or a file system after it is formatted or repaired, use one of the following methods:

·          Use the absolute path to specify a file or directory. For example, use the dir flash:/ command to display the files and directories in the file system on the flash memory.

·          Use the cd command to change the working directory to the root directory of the file system before accessing a file or directory in the file system. For example, to display the files and directories in the root directory of the file system on the flash memory, perform the following tasks:

a.    Use the cd flash:/ command to change the working directory to the root directory of the file system.

b.    Execute the dir command.

Before managing file systems, directories, and files, make sure you know the possible impact.

Managing storage media and file systems

Partitioning a USB disk

A USB disk can be divided into logical devices called partitions. Operations on one partition do not affect the other partitions.

Restrictions and guidelines

A partition must have a minimum of 32 MB of storage space.

The actual partition size and the specified partition size might have a difference of less than 5% of the storage medium's total size.

Before partitioning a USB disk, perform the following tasks:

·          Back up the files in the storage medium. The partition operation clears all data on the medium.

·          To partition a USB disk, make sure the disk is not write protected. If the disk is write protected, the partition operation will fail, and you must remount or reinstall the disk to restore access to the USB disk.

·          Make sure no other users are accessing the medium.

After partitioning a USB disk, perform the following tasks:

·          Reconfigure paths of image files to include the correct partition information.

·          To make sure the first partition has sufficient storage space for software image and configuration files, set the log file directory to a different partition. By default, the system automatically saves log files to the second partition. If the directory does not exist, use the info-center logfile directory command to change the directory to avoid log loss. For more information about this command, see Network Management and Monitoring Command Reference.

Configuration procedure

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command	Remarks
Partition a storage medium.	fdisk medium [ partition-number ]	By default, a USB disk has only one partition (usba0:). To partition a storage medium evenly, specify the partition-number argument. To customize the sizes of partitions, do not specify the partition-number argument. The command will require you to specify a size for each partition.

 

Mounting or unmounting a file system

Generally, file systems on a hot-swappable storage medium are automatically mounted when the storage medium is connected to the device. If the system cannot recognize a file system, you must mount the file system before you can access it.

To remove a hot-swappable storage medium from the device, you must first unmount all file systems on the storage medium to disconnect the medium from the device. Removing a connected hot-swappable storage medium might damage files on the storage medium or even the storage medium itself.

To use an unmounted file system, you must mount the file system again.

Restrictions and guidelines

You can mount or unmount a file system only when no other users are accessing the file system.

To prevent a USB disk and the USB interface from being damaged, make sure the following requirements are met before unmounting file systems on the USB disk:

·          The system has recognized the USB disk.

·          The USB disk LED is not blinking.

Configuration procedure

Perform one of the following tasks in user view as appropriate:

 

Task	Command
Mount a file system.	mount filesystem
Unmount a file system.	umount filesystem

 

Formatting a file system

	CAUTION: Formatting a file system permanently deletes all files and directories in the file system. You cannot restore the deleted files or directories.

 

You can format a file system only when no other users are accessing the file system.

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Format a file system.	format filesystem

 

Repairing a file system

If part of a file system is inaccessible, use this task to examine and repair the file system.

You can repair a file system only when no other users are accessing the file system.

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Repair a file system.	fixdisk filesystem

 

Managing directories

Displaying directory information

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command	Remarks
Display directory or file information.	dir [ /all ] [ file | directory | /all-filesystems ]	If multiple users perform file operations (for example, creating or deleting files or directories) at the same time, the output for this command might be incorrect.

 

Displaying the working directory

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Display the working directory.	pwd

 

Changing the working directory

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Change the working directory.	cd { directory | .. }

 

Creating a directory

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Create a directory.	mkdir directory

 

Renaming a directory

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Rename a directory.	rename source-directory dest-directory

 

Archiving or extracting directories

When you archive or extract directories or display archived directories, files in the directories are also archived, extracted, or displayed.

Perform the following tasks in user view:

 

Task	Command
Archive directories.	tar create [ gz ] archive-file dest-file [ verbose ] source source-directory &<1-5>
Extract directories.	tar extract archive-file file [ verbose ] [ screen | to directory ]
Display archived directories.	tar list archive-file file

 

Deleting a directory

To delete a directory, you must delete all files and subdirectories in the directory. To delete a file, use the delete command. To delete a subdirectory, use the rmdir command.

Deleting a directory permanently deletes all its files in the recycle bin, if any.

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Delete a directory.	rmdir directory

 

Setting the operation mode for directories

The device supports the following directory operation modes:

·          alert—The system prompts for confirmation when your operation might cause problems such as data loss. This mode provides an opportunity to cancel a disruptive operation.

·          quiet—The system does not prompt for confirmation.

To set the operation mode for directories:

 

Step	Command	Remarks
1.       Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2.       Set the operation mode for directories.	file prompt { alert | quiet }	The default mode is alert. This command also sets the operation mode for files.

 

Managing files

You can create a file by copying a file, downloading a file, or using the save command. For more information about downloading a file, see "Configuring FTP" and "Configuring TFTP." For more information about the save command, see Fundamentals Command Reference.

Displaying file information

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command	Remarks
Display directory or file information.	dir [ /all ] [ file | directory | /all-filesystems ]	If multiple users perform file operations (for example, creating or deleting files or directories) at the same time, the output for this command might be incorrect.

 

Displaying the contents of a text file

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Display the contents of a text file.	more file

 

Renaming a file

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Rename a file.	rename source-file dest-file

 

Copying a file

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Copy a file.	·         In non-FIPS mode: copy source-file { dest-file | dest-directory } [ vpn-instance vpn-instance-name ] [ source interface interface-type interface-number ] ·         In FIPS mode: copy source-file { dest-file | dest-directory }

 

Moving a file

Perform this task in user view.

 

Task	Command
Move a file.	move source-file { dest-file | dest-directory }

 

Compressing or decompressing a file

Perform the following tasks in user view:

 

Task	Command
Compress a file.	gzip file
Decompress a file.	gunzip file

 

Archiving or extracting files

Perform the following tasks in user view:

 

Task	Command
Archive files.	tar create [ gz ] archive-file dest-file [ verbose ] source source-file &<1-5>
Extract files.	tar extract archive-file file [ verbose ] [ screen | to directory ]
Display the names of archived files.	tar list archive-file file

 

Deleting or restoring a file

You can delete a file permanently or move it to the recycle bin. A file moved to the recycle bin can be restored, but a permanently deleted file cannot.

Files in the recycle bin occupy storage space. To save storage space, periodically empty the recycle bin by using the reset recycle-bin command.

Perform the following tasks in user view:

 

Task	Command
Delete a file by moving it to the recycle bin.	delete file
Restore a file from the recycle bin.	undelete file
Delete a file permanently.	delete /unreserved file

 

	IMPORTANT: Do not use the delete command to delete files from the recycle bin. To delete files from the recycle bin, use the reset recycle-bin command.

 

Deleting files from the recycle bin

Each file system has a recycle bin of its own. A recycle bin is a folder named .trash in the root directory of a file system.

To view which files or directories are in a recycle bin, use either of the following methods:

·          Access the file system and execute the dir/all .trash command.

·          Execute the cd .trash command to enter the recycle bin folder, and then execute the dir command.

To delete files from a recycle bin, perform the following task in user view:

 

Task	Command
Delete files from the recycle bin.	reset recycle-bin [ /force ]

 

Calculating the file digest

File digests are used to verify file integrity.

Use the following commands in user view:

 

Task	Command
Calculate the digest of a file by using the SHA-256 algorithm.	sha256sum file
Calculate the digest of a file by using the MD5 algorithm.	md5sum file

Setting the operation mode for files

The device supports the following file operation modes:

·          alert—The system prompts for confirmation when your operation might cause problems such as file corruption or data loss. This mode provides an opportunity to cancel a disruptive operation.

·          quiet—The system does not prompt for confirmation.

To set the operation mode for files:

 

Step	Command	Remarks
1.       Enter system view.	system-view	N/A
2.       Set the operation mode for files.	file prompt { alert | quiet }	The default mode is alert. This command also sets the operation mode for directories.

 

Executing a batch file

A batch file contains a set of commands. Executing a batch file executes the commands in the file one by one.

The system executes the commands in a batch file at the background and does not output the execution results. To verify the execution results, use the display current-configuration command.

Restrictions and guidelines

To execute a batch file on the device, create a batch file on a PC and load the batch file to the device.

As a best practice, try every command on the device to make sure the command line can be executed correctly before adding the command to a batch file. If a command is invalid or a condition for executing the command is not met, the command fails and the system continues to execute the next command.

Configuration procedure

Step	Command
1.       Enter system view.	system-view
2.       Execute a batch file.	execute filename