WLAN Warehouse Scenario Deployment Guide

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Contents

Introduction· 1

Requirements and background· 2

Warehouse types· 2

Classification by cargo storage method· 2

Classification by automation level 3

Endpoint types· 4

Warehouse WLAN requirements and features· 4

Document description· 8

General deployment solution· 10

Introduction· 10

Solution features· 11

Always prioritize terminal compatibility· 11

Preferred AP model 11

iRadio auto radio optimization and blind spot compensation· 12

iStation ensures seamless roaming· 13

Hot standby technology ensures AC reliability· 14

Configuration and optimization· 15

Availability· 15

Service data forwarding mode· 16

SSID planning· 17

Access authentication and security· 18

WLAN optimization· 19

Service assurance and wired network optimization· 20

Warehouse product recommendations· 22

Wi-Fi 6 AP models· 22

Wi-Fi 7 AP models· 22

Antenna models· 23

Integrated network + vehicle-mounted AP solution· 24

Network architecture· 24

Advantages and customer benefits· 25

Feature introduction· 26

Multiple Transmission Selective Reception (MTSR) 26

Automatic provisioning· 29

CPE installation· 29

Configuration and optimization· 30

Service data forwarding mode· 30

Recommendations for CPEs supporting dual 5G SSIDs· 30

Recommendations for CPEs supporting only 2.4G + 5G SSIDs· 31

Product recommendation· 31

Deployment guide· 33

Requirement collection· 33

Coverage requirements· 33

Performance requirements· 33

Management operation requirements· 34

Field survey· 35

Field environment 35

AP· 36

Antenna· 36

Field testing· 36

Device selection· 36

Examples of flat/shelf warehouse deployment 37

Scenario description· 37

AP deployment planning and selection· 38

SSID planning· 41

Deployment example for high-rack warehouse - flat/channel scenario· 41

Scenario description· 41

AP deployment planning and selection· 42

SSID planning· 45

High-rack warehouse - Example of high-rack scenario deployment 45

Scenario description· 45

AP deployment planning and selection· 46

SSID planning· 47

General principles for AP deployment 47

Best practices· 49

AMR deployment at a domestic new energy factory· 49

Background· 49

Case overview· 49

Customer values· 50

Domestic express logistics application· 50

Background· 50

Case overview· 50

Customer values· 51

 

Introduction

In the era of rapid technological advancement, warehouse management is evolving toward intelligence, automation, and digitization. The application of WLAN technology brings unprecedented transformation opportunities to warehouse management. Smart warehouse systems, known for their efficiency, flexibility, and accuracy, serve as a key breakthrough in the storage industry. They accelerate the shift from traditional warehousing to intelligent operations.

H3C's WLAN products deliver reliable wireless solutions for complex warehouse layouts with excellent coverage and flexible network architecture. The outstanding performance and compatibility significantly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of warehouse management, whether for real-time data transmission or seamless connectivity between mobile devices and IoT sensors.

This document explores WLAN applications and requirements in warehouse environments. It also provides comprehensive deployment guidance with real-world examples. We will show how H3C uses its advanced WLAN technology to optimize warehouse management processes. Its intelligent network configuration and flexible architecture management help overcome challenges in cargo dispatch and space adjustment.

H3C leads the trend in wireless network technology and drives the digital transformation of the warehousing industry. In the future, H3C will continue to deliver more controllable, efficient, and innovative wireless network solutions for warehouse management, empowering industries to achieve intelligent upgrades.

Requirements and background

Driven by modern information technology, the logistics and warehousing sector is undergoing a major transformation, presenting unprecedented growth opportunities. As market competition intensifies and industries demand higher efficiency, businesses now expect smarter, more digitized, and more convenient business processes. In this context, the importance of WLAN grows significantly in warehouse management and logistics operations. However, the unique challenges of warehouse environments make WLAN deployment complex and demanding.

Warehouse types

The design and layout of a warehouse significantly impact logistics efficiency and operation expenditure. By analyzing warehouse types in detail, businesses can select the right storage format and automation level to meet their needs. They can also tailor WLAN network deployment plans for different warehouse types to maximize storage management efficiency.

Classification by cargo storage method

Different types of warehouses have unique features and applications based on storage methods and shelf structures.

Flat warehouse

Features:

·     Place goods directly on the ground without using dedicated shelving structures, which often takes up more space.

·     This method works for irregularly shaped or unstable stacked goods, such as large machinery and building materials. These items may not stay securely on shelves.

·     Easy to operate, but requires extensive manual handling and offers low space utilization.

Applicable scenarios:

·     Temporary inventory storage.

·     Warehouse for storing large and irregularly shaped items.

·     Locations with low requirements for high memory space utilization.

Shelf warehouse

·     Beam shelving is the most common type.

Features:

¡     This is the most common shelf type. It has a simple structure and supports goods of various weights and specifications.

¡     Use pallets to store goods for easy access and improved management efficiency.

¡     The height is adjustable, allowing you to flexibly change the shelf height based on cargo dimensions.

Applicable scenarios:

¡     Various manufacturing industries and retail warehouses.

¡     Diverse product types and small-batch storage needs.

¡     Warehouse environments requiring fast access to goods.

·     Drive-in/drive-out racks are also a common type.

Features:

¡     Compact structure supports high-density storage and maximizes space utilization.

¡     Allow forklifts to enter shelf channels for loading and unloading goods. This method is ideal for storing large quantities of similar items.

¡     Generally follow the last-in, first-out (LIFO) principle.

Applicable scenarios:

¡     Food and beverage industry, cold storage.

¡     Scenarios that require buffered storage.

¡     Items with low storage and retrieval frequency and no strict sequencing requirements.

Automated high-rack warehouse

Features:

·     The entire warehouse uses high-rise shelves and automated devices (such as aisle stackers and conveyor belts) for operations.

·     Significantly boost storage density and operational efficiency while minimizing manual jobs.

·     Requires a high initial investment but saves labor costs in the long run.

Applicable scenarios:

·     Large e-commerce platforms and logistics hubs.

·     Industries with high demands for storage and fast inbound/outbound operations.

·     Scenarios that require highly efficient management and minimized operational errors.

Classification by automation level

With technological advancements, warehouse automation continues to improve year by year. Based on the level of automation, warehouses fall into the following types:

Manual warehouse

·     Features: The process relies heavily on manual operations, covering all handling steps such as receiving, storage, sorting, and shipment. Personnel use manual equipment such as hand trucks and standard forklifts.

·     Advantages: Lower capital expenditure. Ideal for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and small or irregular venues where automation is not cost-effective.

·     Disadvantages: Heavy reliance on manual work, low efficiency, high human error rate, and intensive labor.

Semi-automated warehouse

·     Features: Integrate partial automation technologies and use mechanical devices and information systems to assist operations, such as automatic sorters, carousels, and simple warehouse management systems (WMS).

·     Advantages: Boosts operational efficiency, reduces labor needs, and strikes a balance between efficiency and cost.

·     Disadvantages: Initial investment may increase. Automation capabilities are limited, and some manual intervention is still required.

Automated warehouse

·     Features: Use automated devices like AGVs, AMRs, stacker cranes, automated sorting systems, and conveyor lines on a large scale. With advanced inventory management systems, it can achieve high automation.

·     Advantages: Significantly improve cargo storage and handling efficiency, reduce error rates, and cut labor costs. Ideal for large-scale, high-density inventory management.

·     Disadvantages: Requires high initial investment and technical maintenance. Complex systems need regular updates and professional operation.

Endpoint types

In warehouse environments, terminal equipment varies widely, and their WLAN requirements differ based on device functions and operational scenarios. By understanding the functions and network requirements of different terminal equipment, warehouses can effectively configure WLAN networks to meet diverse connectivity needs and improve overall operational efficiency.

Here are common terminal types in the warehouse and their specific WLAN requirements:

Hand terminal and wireless scanner

Function: Scan bar codes and transmit real-time data. Support daily operations like warehousing, outbound, and inventory checks.

WLAN requirements:

·     Extensive coverage: Requires stable wireless signals for seamless connectivity across all warehouse areas.

·     Mobility support: Maintains stable connections while operators move and quickly switchover between access points (APs).

·     Low latency: Ensures fast response for real-time data updates and accuracy.

Tablets and mobile workstations

Function: Used for inventory management, cargo tracing, and other administrative tasks.

WLAN requirements:

·     High bandwidth: Supports complex data processing and application program operation.

·     Reliable connection: Ensures high availability (HA) for data synchronization and real-time communication.

Automated guided vehicle (AGV) and autonomous mobile robot (AMR)

Function: Automate cargo handling and storage.

WLAN requirements:

·     Seamless roaming: Ensures uninterrupted switchover between connections in different areas while moving.

·     Low latency and high stability: Supports real-time navigation and Ctl command transmission.

·     Wide coverage: Ensures continuous signal coverage across all operational areas.

Warehouse WLAN requirements and features

Wireless signals propagate differently in warehouses depending on goods storage and signal obstructions. These factors determine wireless coverage strategies and AP deployment methods. At the same time, the automation level and business needs of the warehouse also impose varying requirements on WLAN networks and AP capabilities.

In flat and rack warehouses, carts, forklifts, or carousels are often used to move goods. Hand terminals and wireless scanners are used for inbound, outbound, and inventory tasks. This ensures fast access to goods and real-time data updates. Therefore, WLANs focus on achieving comprehensive wireless coverage across all areas, ensuring stable connections for terminal equipment and meeting their mobility needs. Additionally, shelf height and cargo type may block signals to varying degrees. Consider this carefully during WLAN design and AP deployment.

In contrast, high-rack warehouses offer higher efficiency. They typically use AGVs and AMRs to move goods, enabling fast storage and retrieval operations. Depending on the layout of goods or shelves, these carts can move in four directions—horizontally and vertically (via lifts)—or move bidirectionally on tracks. Therefore, ensure the WLAN network provides strong signal coverage along the cart's moving path and meets its mobility requirements. Additionally, these warehouses often feature dedicated sorting areas to support scanning and sorting operations with devices like barcode scanners, boosting both efficiency and accuracy.

The summary is shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Warehouse WLAN requirements and features

Warehouse	WLAN service features	Sub-scenario	WLAN signal coverage requirements
Flat warehouse Shelf warehouse	·     Use a PDA or scanner to scan bar codes ·     The network has a moderate number of terminals, low bandwidth requirements, and some roaming needs	High shelf area	·     The warehouse has high ceilings, and the shelves and goods severely block the signal ·     WLAN signal coverage primarily focuses on channel-based coverage areas
		Low shelf area	·     Shelves and goods minimally block signals ·     WLAN signal coverage has no clear distinction between primary and secondary signals
High-rack warehouse	Goods storage area: ·     Carts rely on WLAN to send and receive commands while moving ·     The number of carts varies by warehouse size. Bandwidth demand is low, but timely roaming is essential Sorting area: ·     Use a PDA or scanner to scan bar codes ·     The network has a moderate number of terminals, low bandwidth requirements, and some roaming needs	Flat type	·     Carts move freely in all four directions on the ground without a fixed route ·     Goods are moved together with shelves, or lifted for storage after being moved into position ·     WLAN signal coverage has no clear distinction between primary and secondary signals
		Channel type	·     Carts transport goods along a fixed or preset path. ·     Regardless of how goods are stacked, fixed channels are always leaved for carts ·     WLAN signal coverage primarily focuses on channel-based coverage areas
		High-rack type	·     Carts move within the high-rack warehouse. They use an elevator (usually wired) to reach the corresponding floor, and then move in four directions ·     Store goods in a high-rack warehouse ·     WLAN signal coverage has no clear distinction between primary and secondary signals

 

Figure 1 High-shelf area

 

Figure 2 Low-shelf area

 

Figure 3 Flat-type high-rack (automated) warehouse

 

Figure 4 Channel-type high-rack (automated) warehouse

 

Figure 5 High rack-type high-rack (automated) warehouse

 

Document description

The WLAN deployment in the warehouse contains two main phases:

1.     Wireless signal coverage planning

Plan the wireless signal coverage strategy carefully based on the shelf features and physical layout of the warehouse. The coverage effect of wireless signals closely relates to on-site surveys. For more information about this, see the deployment guide section.

2.     Network architecture and device selection

Select the right network architecture and devices. Combine them with specific network features and optimization strategies to ensure efficient warehouse business processes and enhance WLAN user experience. The following sections will explore general deployment solutions and H3C's integrated "coverage + vehicle-mounted" solution in detail.

Finally, based on H3C's implementation experience, this document provides specific deployment examples to help you understand and implement effective WLAN solutions.

General deployment solution

Introduction

The general deployment solution contains three core components: AD-Campus/WBC, AC, and fit AP (coverage AP). Together, they provide wireless access for warehouse terminals like PDAs and carts. The networking architecture is shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Network architecture for the general deployment solution

 

·     APs are the core of network coverage: As the foundation of wireless networks, prioritize their reliability and redundancy design during deployment.

¡     AP failure compensation mechanism: APs usually deploy with continuous coverage. When an AP fails, neighboring APs can compensate for signal coverage by automatically adjusting their transmit power.

¡     AP model selection: Select an AP model that supports dual-band (2.4GHz + 5GHz) for fewer terminals. For environments with many terminals, use high-performance tri-band APs to meet high-density terminal demands.

·     The AC manages APs with unified management: As the management and control (Ctl) center of the WLAN, the AC ensures high reliability.

¡     Dual AC backup design: Deploy two ACs for mutual backup. Use dual-link networking to prevent single point failure from affecting the network.

¡     AP license synchronization: If you use this function with the dual-link feature, you can install AP licenses only on the master AC. When the master AC fails, the backup AC automatically takes over and uses the synchronized licenses to ensure continuous network operation.

·     AD-Campus (or WBC) manages and operates the network: An intelligent management platform ensures efficient operations. Both AD-Campus and WBC deliver excellent management capabilities.

¡     Advanced Data Campus (AD-Campus): Delivers intelligent operation and maintenance management. It supports automatic monitoring, fault diagnosis, and optimization configuration.

¡     Wireless Business Campus (WBC): Designed for large-scale wireless networks, it enables centralized management, flexible policy configuration, and efficient security management.

Solution features

Always prioritize terminal compatibility

Like other Wi-Fi devices, commonly used terminal equipment in warehouses, such as PDAs and industrial terminals installed on carts, is advancing rapidly.

·     In terms of technical standards, these devices have evolved from early Wi-Fi 4 (802.11n) to Wi-Fi 5 (802.11ac), Wi-Fi 6 (802.11ax), and Wi-Fi 7 (802.11be).

·     In terms of frequency band support, it initially supported only 2.4GHz but has gradually expanded to include 2.4GHz, 5GHz, and 6GHz.

·     Moreover, the number of spatial streams has commonly upgraded from single-stream to dual-stream.

As terminal types diversify in warehouse environments, WLANs must ensure strong compatibility to support various terminal equipment. To ensure compatibility, H3C regularly conducts terminal compatibility testing and publishes test reports. Additionally, the company actively collaborates with leading small vehicle manufacturers in the market to optimize solutions for compatibility issues. It also provides best practice solutions to ensure seamless coordination between networks and terminals.

Preferred AP model

In complex environments like warehouses, pay special attention to how Wi-Fi signals propagate when deploying the network. The warehouse layout, stacked items, dynamic changes, and interference sources can all significantly impact wireless signals. Therefore, when selecting the right access point (AP), consider the following key factors.

Scenario features

·     Warehouse environments often have many physical obstacles, such as shelves and stacked items, which can block and weaken wireless signals.

·     Metal shelves and other reflective surfaces may reflect and scatter signals, reducing signal stability and coverage area.

·     Devices in the warehouse, such as forklifts and carousel systems, may generate electromagnetic interference (EMI), which can degrade Wi-Fi signal quality.

·     Items and device locations in the warehouse change frequently, requiring the wireless network to adapt to dynamic signal paths.

AP selection criteria

·     Antenna type:

¡     Use an omnidirectional antenna to cover large open areas and ensure even signal distribution.

¡     Directional antennas enhance signal coverage in specific orientations, such as long corridors or targeted areas.

·     External antenna support:

APs with external antennas allow you to replace antenna types as needed to optimize signal coverage and strength.

·     Spatial streams:

Multi-spatial stream APs deliver higher throughput and better concurrency support. They suit environments with dense devices and heavy data flow.

·     Band support:

APs that support dual-band (2.4GHz and 5GHz) offer flexible frequency selection. The 5GHz band typically delivers higher speeds and less interference.

·     Environmental adaptability:

Select durable APs that can withstand warehouse temperature, humidity, and dust conditions.

H3C conducted in-depth research and segmentation for warehouse scenarios and launched optimized products tailored to each segment. For specific scenario examples and product recommendations, see the deployment guide chapter .

iRadio auto radio optimization and blind spot compensation

Allocating radio frequency resources properly ensures smooth WLAN operation. H3C's 4i technology includes iRadio, which intelligently allocates radio frequency resources through automatic radio optimization and load balancing. This maximizes wireless frequency spectrum utilization to enhance network performance and user experience.

Radio auto calibration

The key to radio auto calibration lies in optimizing channel selection and power control. First, the system scans the surrounding environment and automatically selects the channel with the least interference to improve network performance. Second, dynamically adjust the transmit power to ensure signal coverage area and reduce unnecessary interference. This power control strategy helps maintain stable device connections across varying distances and environments. Additionally, you can dynamically adjust the radio bandwidth. However, in warehouse scenarios, we recommend setting the channel bandwidth to 20MHz because terminal traffic demand is low. This reserves the maximum number of available channels. This approach helps avoid radar channels and further improves channel optimization.

Load balancing

To optimize network resources and prevent overload on a single AP, the system dynamically balances the load by intelligently distributing user connections across multiple APs. The iRadio load balancing function not only balances user loads among APs and optimizes radio resource usage, but also considers factors like terminal types and channel utilization rate thresholds. This comprehensive balancing strategy effectively optimizes the RF load across the entire network, delivering a superior connection experience for users.

Figure 7 Load balancing

 

Auto blind spot filling

In a continuous AP network, if an AP fails, other APs automatically adjust their transmit power to fill coverage gaps. This maintains overall network performance and coverage area. This mechanism is called automatic power adjustment or auto blind spot filling.

The access controller (AC) monitors all APs in real time, tracking signal strength, coverage area, and fault conditions. When an AP fails or stops working, the AC detects the issue through signal loss or loss of connectivity. Next, the AC identifies the coverage area affected by the faulty AP and its neighboring APs. It then evaluates their transmit power to check their current coverage area and load.

Based on the evaluation results, nearby APs automatically increase their transmit power to expand the coverage area and fill the blind spots left by the failed AP. If blind spot coverage causes excessive load on nearby APs, the AC also performs proper load balancing to ensure network stability and user experience.

iStation ensures seamless roaming

The WLAN protocol does not provide a terminal roaming mechanism. Instead, terminals decide when to roam. In practice, roaming mechanisms vary significantly across different terminals. To improve user experience, it is key to ensure terminals quickly roam to the best radio during movement and avoid sticky or frequent roamings.

The iStation smart roaming function first classifies terminal capabilities and assigns different capability tags to each terminal, such as 5G support, 802.11k support, and 802.11v support. It then guides terminals based on their tags using different methods. This enables faster and smoother terminal roaming for a better customer experience.

·     For terminals that support 802.11k/v, the AC notifies them to measure Wi-Fi usage quality and nearby Wi-Fi signals. The AC analyzes terminal measurement data and the operational status of surrounding APs to determine the best AP for the terminal. It then instructs the terminal to perform a switchover.

·     For terminals that do not support 802.11v, the AC selectively reduces the AP's transmit power based on the terminal's uplink signal strength and traffic. This creates better roaming conditions and encourages the terminal to initiate roaming when it detects poor signal quality. If the terminal still does not roam, the terminal re-association mechanism is triggered.

Figure 8 Smart roaming diagram

 

Hot standby technology ensures AC reliability

In warehouse and other production environments, WLAN reliability is critical to ensuring continuous and efficient operations. The AC serves as the management hub of a WLAN. Its stability directly impacts the entire network's operation. To avoid a single point failure of the AC, deploy two ACs and use the dual-link technology.

Dual AC deployment

Deploy two ACs in the network architecture, one as the master AC and the other as the backup AC. This redundancy setup ensures that if one AC fails, the other AC can immediately take over its functions. The master AC and backup AC synchronize configurations and information, including AP settings, user authentication data, and policy management. This ensures seamless network service continuity during switchover. If the master AC fails, the backup AC automatically detects the issue and quickly takes over the management of APs and clients to ensure seamless network operation.

Dual-link technology and AP/STA hot backup

In a dual-AC deployment, an AP establishes master and backup links with both ACs simultaneously. When the master AC fails, the backup AC or APs detect the failure. The APs automatically switch over to the backup AC immediately to ensure uninterrupted wireless services. Hot backup technology pre-stores AP and STA information on the backup AC. After switchover, both client devices (STAs) and APs maintain stable connections and uninterrupted services.

Deploying dual ACs and using dual-link hot backup technology enables WLAN networks in production environments to achieve high availability and high reliability. This architecture eliminates single point failures on the AC. It also ensures stable wireless network operation during failures by using hot backup and automatic detection switchover technologies. This provides reliable network support for warehouses and production environments.

Configuration and optimization

Availability

AC reliability

An AC single point failure can disrupt the entire WLAN. To prevent this, use mature solutions like cloud clusters or dual links. The comparison of different methods is as follows:

Table 2 AC reliability

Comparison item	Cloud cluster	Dual-link (hot backup)	Dual-link (cold backup)	N+1 redundancy
Operating mechanism	Use both physical and container-based virtualization. Virtualize two ACs into one. Build a physical cluster with physical devices and a container cluster with Comware containers to achieve device-level and service-level backup.	A single AP establishes CAPWAP links with both the master and backup ACs. The information automatically synchronizes between them.	A single AP establishes CAPWAP links with both the master and backup ACs.	A single AP establishes a CAPWAP link with only one AC. ACs do not back up or synchronize information with each other.
Availability	·     Dual backup ensures high reliability. ·     When a fault is detected, the APs and clients can seamlessly switch over services.	·     High reliability ·     When a fault is detected, the APs and clients can seamlessly switch over services.	When the master link fails, the AP quickly switches to the backup link, and clients reconnect.	When the AP detects a master AC failure, it automatically connects to the backup AC.
Switchover speed and service impact	·     Fastest ·     When a fault is detected, the APs and clients can seamlessly switch over services.	·     Fast ·     When a fault is detected, the APs and clients can seamlessly switch over services.	·     Medium ·     When an AP detects that the AC is unreachable, it performs a switchover to the backup link. Clients must reconnect.	·     Slow ·     When an AP detects that the AC is unreachable, it performs a switchover to the backup link. Both the APs and clients must reconnect.
Usage restrictions	·     Do not deploy across Layer 3 networks. The ACs must connect directly. ·     Make sure the device model and version match.	·     Deployment across Layer 3 or remote locations is supported.  ·     The device models can differ, but the versions must match.	·     Deployment across Layer 3 or remote locations is supported. ·     As a best practice, use the same device model.	Deployment across Layer 3 or remote locations is supported.
Applicable scenarios	Scenarios requiring high reliability and unified control over services, such as office environments.	Scenarios requiring high business continuity and reliability, such as large enterprise campuses or production workshops.	Scenarios requiring moderate reliability and deploying master and backup ACs at different locations, such as headquarters and branch sites.	Scenarios with low reliability requirements, strict cost control needs, and high tolerance for out of service.

 

Best practice: For warehouse network reliability and maintenance, use a dual-link (hot backup) mechanism. It ensures reliability and simplifies fault isolation.

AP reliability

In continuous AP deployment, AP failures typically use automatic blind-filling to restore signal coverage.

High availability configuration examples

1.     Basic Cloud Cluster Configuration Example

See H3C Cloud Cluster Technology Best Practice at WX3800X Series Access Controllers.

2.     AC Dual-Link Backup and AP License Synchronization Configuration Example

See H3C AC Dual-Link Backup and AP License Synchronization Best Practices.

Service data forwarding mode

In a WLAN, data mainly contains control messages and datagrams. Control messages use the CAPWAP control tunnel for forwarding to achieve AP management and configuration functions.

For user datagrams, there are two forwarding modes based on whether they go through the CAPWAP tunnel: centralized forwarding and local forwarding.

Centralized forwarding

In this mode, the AC centrally processes and forwards all service data. This method enables unified management and control with high security. Since traffic must detour through the AC, forwarding efficiency may decrease and the AC may experience higher load.

Local forwarding

In this mode, service data is forwarded directly to the destination after passing through the AP without detouring through the AC. This improves forwarding efficiency, reduces the AC's load, and saves bandwidth between the AC and AP. However, this approach lacks centralized management and control.

Best practice: In warehouse environments, use local forwarding to improve forwarding efficiency, as operations require high real-time performance.

Forwarding mode configuration example

1.     Local forwarding

# Edit the MAP file.

#

system-view

vlan 200

quit

interface GigabitEthernet 1/0/1

port link-type trunk

port trunk permit vlan 200

#

# Create a wireless service template and configure local forwarding.

#

wlan service-template 1

 ssid service

 client forwarding-location ap

 service-template enable

#

# Specify the MAP file and bind the wireless service template in AP group or AP view. This section uses AP group view as an example.

#

wlan ap-group group1

 ap-model WA6320

  map-configuration flash:/map.txt

  radio 2

   radio enable

   service-template 1 vlan 200

#

2.     Centralized forwarding

# Create a wireless service template.

#

wlan service-template 1

 ssid service

 service-template enable

#

# Bind the wireless service template in AP group view or AP view. This section uses AP group view as an example.

#

wlan ap-group group1

 ap-model WA6320

  radio 2

   radio enable

   service-template 1 vlan 200

#

SSID planning

Plan SSIDs using the following methods:

By service type

Set different SSIDs based on varying business needs in the warehouse. For example, to ensure smooth access and roaming for the AGV, set up an SSID like agv-ssid and bind it only to 5GHz radios. For devices like barcode scanners, set up a dedicated SSID such as pda-ssid and bind it only to 2.4GHz radios.

By region

If the warehouse has a large area, set SSIDs by region, such as North_Warehouse and South_Warehouse. This division method simplifies management and maintenance, and enables targeted wireless configuration based on signal strength and user density in different areas.

By security requirements

For services with high security requirements, set up a dedicated encrypted SSID. For example, devices that transmit sensitive cargo information can use the Secure_Warehouse SSID and apply high-strength encryption protocols to ensure data security.

As a best practice, limit the number of SSIDs to three or fewer per area to reduce air interface management overhead.

Access authentication and security

Common WLAN access authentication methods include 802.1X, portal, and PSK. The table below shows their differences and applicable scenarios.

Table 3 Access authentication method

Authentication	Advantages	Disadvantages	Applicable scenarios
802.1X	High security performance	·     Requires an authentication server ·     The clients must support the 802.1X protocol. The Windows systems support 802.1X, and Apple devices and Android phones also support 802.1X.	Ideal for large campuses and enterprise networks with high authentication and security requirements.
Portal	·     Flexible deployment with no client requirements ·     Supports ads pushing	Low security performance. PSK+portal can be used to enhance security.	Browser authentication with customizable pages, ideal for commercial service scenarios.
MAC authentication	No client requirements	·     Low security performance ·     Complex configuration management	Barcode scanners, printers, and similar devices. It automatically authenticates them using their MAC addresses as both usernames and passwords.
WPA2-PSK authentication	·     Easy to deploy ·     Security is reasonably ensured	The system does not support individual user authentication.	Suitable for campus intranets, such as warehouses and production workshops.
WPA3-SAE authentication	·     High security ·     Easy to deploy	Only a few terminals support this method	Use this mode for campus intranets, such as warehouses and production workshops. Use the open-enhance mode for dumb terminals like IoT devices.

 

Best practice: Consider the features of various authentication methods and common terminal scenarios in warehouses, we recommend using WPA2-PSK authentication for warehouse environments.

WLAN optimization

Radio is the foundation of a WLAN. Whether the deployment and adjustment of channels, power, and other parameters are appropriate, and whether these parameters can be well compatible and matched with clients of different brands, types, and models, directly affects the user experience of the network. Therefore, properly coordinate and manage radio resources and user access.

Radio optimization

In warehouse environments, set the channel bandwidth to 20MHz due to limited available channels and low overall business bandwidth needs. Manually plan both 2.4GHz and 5GHz channels. Use iRadio to dynamically adjust power and load balancing for optimal coverage and network performance at all locations. To improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), consider using directional antennas for coverage, maximizing the transmit power, and configuring lower protocol standards to reduce negotiation rates.

Smart roaming

By properly classifying terminals, enable 802.11v guide for devices of a new version. For clients of an old version, apply targeted guide to resolve sticky client and poor roaming issues.

Air interface optimization

1.     Layer 2 isolation

Broadcast and multicast packets propagate in a Layer 2 broadcast domain, which may cause significant network impact. This is especially true for WLANs. Broadcast and multicast packets transmit at the lowest rate over the air interface, consuming valuable resources. Therefore, if wireless clients do not need direct Layer 2 communication, enable the Layer 2 isolation function.

2.     Broadcast and multicast packet control

Broadcast and multicast packets transmit at the lowest rate over the air interface, consuming excessive radio resources. It is important to control or limit these packets sent by the AP radio interface.

3.     Weak-signal rejection

Wireless clients with a weak signal strength may be able to access the network, but the network performance and service quality they receive are much poorer compared to clients with stronger signals. Enable this function to reject clients with signals below the specified threshold. This prevents weak-signal clients from consuming excessive channel resources.

4.     Reuse channels between APs

When more network devices share the same channel, overall performance declines. Mitigate this issue by planning channels and adjusting power control during WLAN deployment. For existing WLANs, optimize performance by configuring the inter-AP channel reuse enhancement function. Use this function to adjust the ambient noise detected by the AP, ensuring the AP gains more access to radio resources. In dense AP deployments, this feature improves the overall performance of APs on the same channel.

5.     Reduce client sleep time

Enable this function to modify the TIM in Beacon frames, reducing client sleep time and improving transmission efficiency.

Radio configuration examples

1.     Cooperative roaming: Considering the client diversity, consult a network engineer before configuration.

[AC-wlan-st-1] bss transition-management enable // Enable BSS transition management

[AC-wlan-ap-group-group1-ap-model-WA6320-radio-2] sacp anti-sticky enable rssi 25 // Set the roaming threshold

2.     Layer 2 isolation: Recommended

[AC] user-isolation vlan vlan-list permit-mac mac-list

3.     Broadcast and multicast packet control: Recommended

[AC-wlan-ap-ap1] rrop anti-bmc network ipv4-and-ipv6-simple enable // Broadcast/multicast packet control is enabled by default

[AC-wlan-ap-ap1] rrop anti-bmc broadcast/multicast rate-limit enable // Enable downlink broadcast/multicast packet rate limiting

[AC-wlan-ap-ap1] rrop anti-bmc broadcast/multicast rate-limit pps 100 // Configure rate limit

4.     Weak signal rejection: Keep the default setting

Execute the option client reject{disable | enable [ rssi rssi-value ]} command in radio view or an AP group's radio view

5.     AP channel reuse: Configure this feature based on the air interface conditions of your specific environment. Work with network engineers for guidance.

[AC-wlan-ap-ap1-radio-1] option channel-reuse-optimization enable level 6

6.     Client keepalive mechanism: Recommended

Execute the option keep-active enable command in radio view or an AP group's radio view

Service assurance and wired network optimization

In a WLAN, the AC and APs use wired connections to exchange control and service data. Wired network parameter settings and configurations directly and critically impact the overall WLAN user experience.

Service packet priority promotion policy

In real-world scenarios, analyze the packet characteristics of control messages from devices like carts. Focus on key details such as protocol type and port number. Based on these characteristics, prioritize forwarding such packets. The core purpose of this measure is to ensure normal forwarding of such packets even when the network experiences congestion on the air interface, thereby maintaining stable service operations.

Fast switchover of MAC and ARP addresses

When a client quickly roams from one AP to another, the switchover process involves more than just the WLAN network's own roaming mechanism. In reality, intermediate equipment like switches also participate in the process. The MAC address moves from one switch port to another. To ensure fast and stable network switchover, switches and other devices must support rapid address migration. This guarantees smooth and stable network connectivity for clients during roaming.

AP responding to ARP requests instead of gateway

During network operation, the AP has a special function: it can respond to ARP requests that clients send to the gateway. When the gateway faces heavy workloads or poor network conditions, this AP function proves highly valuable. By responding to ARP requests on behalf of the gateway, the AP reduces the gateway's workload. This maintains efficient network operation and improves overall performance and stability.

Service assurance and wired network optimization configuration examples

1.     Port isolation: Enable this configuration as a best practice. Make wireless clients communicate through Layer 3.

¡     Configuration instructions:

In a local forwarding architecture, deploy the AC on the core side through out-of-path deployment and place the gateway for the service address segment on the core. Configure port isolation on all downlink interfaces from the core to the access switches. Port isolation effectively prevents broadcast flooding, improves overall wireless network stability and ease of use, and is highly recommended for deployment.

¡     Key configuration example

# Add downlink ports G1/0/1, G1/0/2, and G1/0/3 on the switch to the isolation group.

<switch> system-view

[switch] interface GigabitEthernet1/0/1

[switch-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] port-isolate enable

[switch-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] quit

[switch] interface GigabitEthernet1/0/2

[switch-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] port-isolate enable

[switch-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] quit

[switch] interface GigabitEthernet1/0/3

[switch-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] port-isolate enable

[switch-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] quit

2.     Enable MAC address fast update in local forwarding scenarios: Recommended

Figure 9 Fast client movement diagram

 

 

Wireless local forwarding clients move according to the orientation within the same SSID, assuming each switch port is traversed based on the AP installation location. When a client rapidly switches from AP9 to AP10, it involves the switchover from CHIP0 to CHIP1.

¡     If the switch is a Layer 2 switch:

Since cross-chip MAC address table learning involves a synchronization mechanism, the default setting may prevent the switch from quickly learning the correct port for client MAC addresses. Execute mac-address mac-roaming enable in an IRF scenario to accelerate global MAC address synchronization.

¡     If the switch is a Layer 3 switch:

Due to the switch's ARP synchronization mechanism, ARP entries across chips take 60 seconds to take effect. If the client does not immediately send gratuitous ARP updates, it may experience about 1 minute of out-of-service time. After you execute the mac-address mac-move fast-update command, the ARP entries will update quickly upon MAC address migration.

Warehouse product recommendations

Wi-Fi 6 AP models

Table 4 Recommended Wi-Fi 6 AP models

AP model	WA6520	WA6620X	WA6630X	WA6528X-E	WA6628X
Picture
Dimensions (D × W × H)	180 × 180 × 32 mm	250 × 250 × 79.5 mm	260 × 260 × 394 mm	280 × 280 × 85 mm	280 × 280 × 85 mm
MIMO	5GHz: 2*2 2.4GHz: 2*2	5GHz: 2*2 2.4GHz/5GHz: 2*2	5.1GHz: 4*4 5.8GHz: 4*4 2.4GHz: 2*2	5GHz: 4*4 2.4/5GHz: 4*4	5GHz (5.1+5.8): 8*8 (4*4+4*4) 2.4GHz: 4*4
Antenna	Built-in omnidirectional antenna	Built-in directional antenna / External antenna	Built-in omnidirectional antenna	External antenna	External antenna
Power consumption	≤ 13W	≤ 16W (excluding PoE_out)	≤ 48.6W (including PoE_out)	≤ 34W	≤ 37W (excluding PoE_out)
Installation method	Boom pole mounting, ceiling mounting	Wall mounting, pole mounting	Wall mounting, pole mounting	Wall mounting, pole mounting	Wall mounting, pole mounting
Recommended scenarios	Flat warehouse High-rack warehouse	Flat warehouse high-rack area High-rack warehouse	Large channel area	High-rack warehouse (severe signal obstruction)	High-rack warehouse (severe signal obstruction)

 

Wi-Fi 7 AP models

Table 5 Recommended Wi-Fi 7 AP models

AP model	WA7320i	WA7320XE	WA7330X
Picture
Dimensions (D × W × H)	205 × 205 × 35 mm	260 × 260 × 84 mm	260 × 260 × 79 mm
Configuring MIMO	5GHz/6GHz: 2*2 2.4GHz/5GHz: 2*2	5GHz/6GHz: 2*2 2.4GHz/5GHz:  2*2	5GHz/6GHz: 2*2 5GHz: 2*2 2.4GHz/5GHz: 2*2
Antenna	Built-in omnidirectional antenna	External antenna	Built-in omnidirectional antenna
Power consumption	≤ 18.1W (excluding PoE_OUT/USB)	≤ 21.1W (excluding PoE_OUT/USB)	≤ 25.5W (excluding PoE_OUT/USB)
Installation method	Wall mounting, ceiling mounting	Wall mounting, pole mounting	Wall mounting, pole mounting
Recommended scenarios	Flat warehouse High-rack warehouse	Flat warehouse high-rack area High-rack warehouse	Large channel area

 

Antenna models

Table 6 Antenna models

Model	ANT-2513P-M2	ANT-2510P-M4
Picture
Dimensions (D × W × H)	260 × 190 × 30 mm	340 × 200 × 45 mm
Antenna type	Directional	Directional
Supported radios	2.4G&5G	2.4G&5G
Horizontal beamwidth (degrees)	30/30	40/40
Vertical beamwidth (degrees)	30/30	40/40
Interface	N Female ×2	4*N male connector
Installation method	Pole mounting	Pole mounting
Recommended scenarios	Use with the WA6620X, WA6528X-E, and WA6628X	Use with the WA6620X, WA6528X-E, and WA6628X

 

Integrated network + vehicle-mounted AP solution

Network architecture

The following diagram shows the networking scheme of the integrated network + vehicle-mounted AP solution. By systematically combining coverage APs with vehicle-mounted APs, the solution delivers stable and seamless network connectivity during vehicle movement.

Figure 10 Network diagram for the network and vehicle-mounted AP solution

 

This solution primarily contains devices such as AD-Campus (WBC), AC, coverage APs, and vehicle-mounted APs (CPEs).

·     The network coverage APs use advanced tri-band devices, supporting dual 5G or 5G+2.4G configurations to meet the access needs of different vehicle-mounted APs. Configure the 2.4GHz band as a dedicated frequency for scanning devices like PDAs based on specific application needs. This ensures stable and efficient network access for these devices. 

·     The vehicle-mounted AP establishes a Multiple Transmission Selective Reception (MTSR) link with the network coverage AP through dual 5G or 5G+2.4G. This design ensures highly reliable data transmission and low latency. The multi-transmit and selective-receive mechanism enables simultaneous use of two different signal paths during communication. If interference or disruption affects one path, the other maintains continuous connectivity.

·     The AC provides unified management for both coverage APs and vehicle-mounted APs. Use dual-link networking for mutual backup to improve wireless network reliability. To ensure multicast and selective forwarding across APs, configure the AC in centralized forwarding mode. This means all traffic flows through the AC for management and forwarding. Centralized forwarding mode enables unified control and optimization of data flow direction. It simplifies intermediate network configuration and enhances network security. At the same time, when a vehicle moves through the coverage areas of different APs, the AC can guide it to achieve fast switchover and maintain continuous network service.

·     The entire network is managed and operated by AD-Campus (or WBC). Advanced Data Campus (AD-Campus) delivers an intelligent operations and management platform for networks. It enables automated monitoring, fault diagnosis, and optimization configuration. Wireless Business Campus (WBC) is a powerful management platform for centralized control of large-scale wireless networks. It enables flexible policy configuration and security management.

Advantages and customer benefits

Unlike traditional solutions, the integrated coverage AP + vehicle-mounted AP solution uses dedicated vehicle-mounted APs instead of standard network adapters. This approach resolves issues like inconsistent performance and poor roaming compatibility with standard network adapters. This solution provides an integrated and efficient wireless network environment for Automated Guided Vehicles (AGVs) and Autonomous Mobile Robots (AMRs), along with APs specifically designed for onboard applications.

·     Stable wireless coverage integrated with vehicle-mounted AP design

¡     Stable wireless coverage network: This solution delivers reliable wireless coverage with tri-band APs, ensuring continuous signal connectivity in warehouse environments to support seamless AGV and AMR operations.

¡     Dedicated vehicle-mounted AP: Designed for carts, with high integration and special optimization for mobile scenarios. The antenna design is flexible, delivers high transmit power, and supports extensive signal coverage. The vehicle-mounted APs are easy to install and offer excellent shock resistance, meeting the special needs of mobile devices. At the same time, the vehicle-mounted APs act as a natural extension of the network. The AC can efficiently manage it to simplify network operations and device maintenance, improving operational efficiency.

·     The MTSR technology ensures reliability.

¡     MTSR ensures reliable connections and seamless roaming. Use dual radios to create redundant links for reliable service connections. This enables near-zero packet loss during device roaming, enhancing the network experience.

¡     Service connection reliability: The dual radio architecture minimizes loss of connectivity caused by single-link issues and improves network stability.

·     Intelligent wireless product and operation support

¡     Device auto-provisioning: Simplify initial installation and configuration with this function to reduce deployment time and complexity.

¡     Wireless intelligent O&M: The built-in intelligent O&M function automates network management and simplifies the network environment. This reduces manual maintenance efforts and improves overall O&M efficiency.

·     Network-device integration delivers better compatibility.

¡     Integrated network and vehicle-mounted AP solution: This solution combines wireless coverage with vehicle-mounted APs to simplify deployment and improve compatibility.

¡     Reduced maintenance costs: Integrates smart network operations and automated device management to cut long-term maintenance expenses.

Feature introduction

Based on an integrated design philosophy, the solution enhances the characteristics of vehicle-mounted APs and other devices, focusing on the MTSR technology as well as the automatic deployment and activation function of vehicle-mounted APs. The following sections detail each feature.

Multiple Transmission Selective Reception (MTSR)

About this feature

MTSR is a technology that makes the wireless transmission reliability of CPE comparable to wired transmission. It leverages the WLAN mesh function to establish dual mesh links between each CPE and two access APs. Both links transmit identical datagrams to enhance reliability and reduce packet loss. Each CPE selects two optimal APs to establish mesh links based on the scanned signal strength and load.

To handle duplicate datagrams, the MTSR mechanism uses datagram deduplication. The wireless network uses centralized forwarding group networking. CPE datagrams are all sent to the AC for processing. When the AC receives duplicate datagrams from two links, it discards the later one to reduce processing load. Similarly, the AC sends duplicate packets to a CPE. The CPE discards the later-arriving duplicate packets to reduce processing load.

Figure 11 MTSR diagram

 

MTSR roaming

MTSR roaming integrates H3C's self-developed Mobile Link Switch Protocol (MLSP) technology, which suits vehicle scenarios. This technology establishes, maintains, and smoothly switches over multiple mesh links between onboard APs (vehicle-mounted APs) and trackside APs to ensure stable traffic transmission.

While the vehicle moves, the CPE automatically switches over mesh links based on the signal strength of the connected AP. At the same time, the MTSR mechanism dynamically selects two optimal links for redundant packet transmission, ensuring wireless data reliability.

The MTSR roaming process ensures seamless switchover and continuous, undisrupted service by monitoring signal strength changes across at least two links.

Through AP notifications and periodic CPE scanning, the CPE automatically obtains a whitelist of surrounding channels. During mesh link roaming switchover, the CPE quickly scans the whitelist to identify the target AP and achieve fast roaming switchover.

Figure 12 MTSR roaming diagram

 

Roaming switchover process:

1.     Trigger switchover upon threshold exceeding.

Trigger a switchover when the signal drops below the set roaming threshold. Set different roaming switchover thresholds for different frequency bands. Links with higher thresholds take priority in roaming switchovers.

2.     Perform 5.8G link roaming.

When the 5.8G link starts roaming switchover, the roaming switchover of the 5.2G link is restricted to ensure normal data transmission.

3.     Perform 5.2G link roaming.

After the 5.8G link completes the roaming switchover, the restriction on the 5.2G link is lifted. The 5.2G link can now perform roaming switchover. At the same time, the roaming of the 5.8G link is limited to maintain normal transmission and reception.

4.     Complete switchovers for all links.

When both the 5.2G and 5.8G links complete the switchover successfully, all the link restrictions are lifted and the system enters the MTSR phase to ensure data transmission stability.

Performance comparison

Laboratory back-to-back testing shows that in roaming scenarios, clients with the MTSR technology outperforms ordinary clients.

 

Metric	2.4G roaming	5G roaming	MTSR 2.4G + 5G	MTSR 5.2G + 5.8G
Packet loss rate (%)	1.5	0.98	0	0
Roaming delay (ms)	30	19	5	4

 

Automatic provisioning

Auto-provisioning simplifies the network access process for CPEs. With this technology, CPEs can automatically connect to a pre-configured wireless network after powering on. This significantly reduces the workload of configuring each CPE individually.

First, the network administrator must configure the AC in detail, including the network parameters, CPE registration information, and mesh network settings. This pre-configuration ensures that CPEs can smoothly connect to the network after powering on.

Once a CPE powers on, it automatically communicates with the AC and obtains the necessary configuration parameters. These parameters guide the CPE to select the optimal AP and re-establish the mesh connection. Automatic provisioning allows CPEs to quickly come online from the AC without manual intervention. This automatic access not only boosts network management efficiency but also greatly simplifies network deployment. It enhances network manageability and scalability, delivering outstanding benefits in environments that require rapid expansion.

CPE installation

When installing a CPE on an AGV or AMR, consider multiple factors to ensure effective installation and proper device operation.

·     Space reservation

¡     To install the CPE smoothly, reserve enough space on the car. CPE devices typically measure at least 180 × 128 × 38 mm. When designing and building the car, ensure the structure provides enough space to accommodate CPEs. You can measure the actual dimensions as needed. Additionally, install the device in a well-ventilated location with clear signal reception. This ensures easy access for future maintenance and troubleshooting.

¡     Common fixed methods include using bolts, brackets, or dedicated device mounts. When securing the device, consider the weight and vibration impact of the CPE to prevent shifting or damage during frequent vehicle movement. Therefore, install anti-vibration mounting components to extend the device's service life and maintain stable performance.

·     Power requirements

CPEs typically require a stable power supply. For CPEs installed on AGVs or AMRs, the typical power supply method is to use the vehicle's built-in DC battery. Select the right voltage and current output based on the CPE's power consumption to ensure stable power supply.

·     CPE antenna

¡     Select the appropriate antenna type based on your usage needs. Use omnidirectional antennas for environments requiring full signal coverage. Use directional antennas for signal transmission in specific orientations to enhance signal strength and quality.

¡     Install the antenna on top of the cart or in another location with minimal signal obstruction to reduce blockage and interference. At the same time, securely install the antenna and protect it from external factors like water and dust. Install the device using suction cups or fixed clamps. Add shockproof measures to handle the car's frequent movements.

H3C's integrated network and vehicle-mounted AP solution selects suitable coverage APs based on the vehicle-mounted AP model during equipment selection. This ensures optimal performance and reliability of the chosen radio equipment in real-world scenarios to meet diverse user needs.

 

NOTE: Mount the vehicle-mounted APs on the AGVs or AMRs. Make sure the AP size matches the vehicle structure. Additionally, carefully plan the power supply requirements and antenna placement for vehicle-mounted APs. This ensures stable wireless signals and consistent coverage area while the vehicle moves.

 

Configuration and optimization

The integrated solution differs from the standard solution in two key deployment aspects. First, the integrated solution installs CPEs directly on vehicles to ensure seamless compatibility. Next, the forwarding mode, RF planning, and SSID configurations differ because the integrated solution uses MTSR. For other deployment details, see the general solution.

Service data forwarding mode

To ensure reliable delivery through the MTSR mechanism, the AC must deduplicate received packets. Therefore, configure the mesh packet forwarding mode as centralized forwarding.

Recommendations for CPEs supporting dual 5G SSIDs

When the CPEs support dual 5G, use tri-band APs (2.4GHz, 5.2GHz, and 5.8GHz) for optimal performance. Follow these planning recommendations:

·     For barcode scanners and similar devices, set up a dedicated SSID like pda-ssid. Use the 2.4GHz band for unified deployment. Manually select three non-overlapping channels (1, 6, and 11) and set the channel bandwidth to 20MHz.

·     Deploy the vehicle service on both 5.2GHz and 5.8GHz bands and enable the MTSR mechanism to improve reliability. Flexibly select a 20MHz or 40MHz bandwidth based on your actual space and bandwidth needs. In general, warehouses have large spaces and low overall bandwidth requirements. As a best practice, use a 20MHz channel width to increase available channels and reduce channel reuse. To avoid channel interference, manually configure adjacent APs to use non-overlapping channels.

·     Configure the CPEs to operate in dual 5G mode and enable the MTSR function to enhance performance stability.

Figure 13 Tri-band AP planning diagram

 

Recommendations for CPEs supporting only 2.4G + 5G SSIDs

When CPEs support only 2.4G+5G, use dual-band (2.4G+5G) APs for access. Follow these planning recommendations:

·     For devices like barcode scanners, set up a dedicated SSID such as pda-ssid. If the clients support 5G, use the 5G band for unified deployment with a 20MHz channel width. If they only support 2.4G, deploy them on the 2.4G band and select non-overlapping channels 1, 6, or 11, setting the channel width to 20MHz.

·     Deploy the vehicle service using both 2.4G and 5G dual bands. Set the bandwidth to 20MHz and enable the MTSR mechanism to improve reliability. Manually configure adjacent APs to use non-overlapping channels and reduce interference.

·     Configure the CPEs in 2.4G and 5G modes, and enable the MTSR function to improve system stability.

Figure 14 Dual-band AP planning diagram

 

NOTE: Each AP radio supports up to 32 CPE connections.

 

Product recommendation

Table 7 Basic product attributes

Item	WA7620CE	WA7220CE
Product positioning	Industrial-grade 2.4GHz + 5GHz band mode: 5GHz 2×2 MIMO + 2.4GHz 2×2 MIMO Dual 5GHz band mode: 5.1GHz 2×2 MIMO + 5.8GHz 2×2 MIMO	Industrial-grade 5GHz 2×2 MIMO + 2.4GHz 2×2 MIMO
Maximum access rate of the overall system	5.764Gbps	3.57Gbps
Interfaces	One 100/1000M/2.5G copper port and three 10/100/1000M copper ports One RS-485/232 port One USB port	One 10G SFP+ fiber port and four 10/100/1000M copper ports One RS-485/232 port
Antenna	External antenna	External antenna
Dimensions (excluding antenna ports and accessories, D × W × H)	179.5 × 128 × 44 mm (7.07 × 5.04 × 1.72 in)	180 × 128 × 38 mm (7.09 × 5.04 × 1.46 in)

 

Deployment guide

Deploying a WLAN is a systematic process that typically includes these steps:

·     Collect requirements

·     Conduct a site survey

·     Perform equipment selection

·     Carry out implementation

·     Set up deployment samples

·     Complete acceptance testing

The following sections explain these steps in detail.

Requirement collection

During WLAN deployment, collecting requirements is a key step. It mainly includes coverage and performance requirements. Identifying these requirements helps guide the network design and implementation, ensuring the project meets specific technical and business goals.

Coverage requirements

·     On-site environment assessment and obstacle identification

Use CAD or floor plans to collect detailed environmental data of the coverage area. Focus on the material and thickness of indoor walls to plan signal propagation paths and account for potential signal degradation.

·     Signal coverage area and boundary acknowledgment

Assess signal coverage needs in the area, especially the fixed moving channel for carts, to identify key coverage zones. If no clear move channel exists, define the overall activity range for the carts. Set different signal strength thresholds based on area requirements. For key coverage areas, maintain levels between –40dBm and –65dBm to ensure high data transfer rates and stable connections. For non-critical areas, keep signals above –75dBm to guarantee basic connection stability.

·     Assess the type and quantity of access devices

Assessing the type and number of access devices is a key factor in planning. Count and analyze the total number of devices requiring wireless connections in each coverage area. Focus on PDA scanners, AGVs, and AMRs, including their quantities and distribution. This directly affects the number of APs and signal coverage density, ensuring it meets load demands during peak usage.

·     Obstacle and interference source identification

The types and storage methods of warehouse items can block signals to varying degrees. Assess signal obstruction based on item characteristics and storage arrangements. At the same time, identify common interference sources such as microwave ovens, Bluetooth devices, and carrier-deployed Wi-Fi signals to minimize their impact on wireless network performance.

Performance requirements

The business process of an automated warehouse mainly involves: locating the target shelf, efficiently and accurately completing inbound or outbound operations with carts, and transporting goods to the picking area. In this area, staff use barcode scanners, warehouse PCs, and tablets for accurate goods picking and order processing.

Given the operational requirements of automated warehouses, prioritize network stability and continuity for AGVs in your deployment plan. This approach prevents efficiency loss in cargo handling due to AGV downtime. When designing the solution, prioritize concurrency cart count and specific business needs.

·     Assess the number of concurrent devices

Analyze the number of concurrent terminals connected to the Wi-Fi network during peak hours, including carts and PDAs, to ensure the bearer capability meets requirements.

·     Business requirements analysis

The core operations of an automated warehouse include AGV/AMR carts, barcode scanners, and web browsing. These operations have specific business and performance requirements, as shown in Table 8.

Table 8 Automated warehouse business description

Common services	Excellent (Mbps)	Good (Mbps)	Roaming packet loss (count)	Signal strength (dBm)
AGV/AMR cart	0.5	0.25	≤2	–65
Barcode scanner	0.5	0.25	≤2	–65
Web browsing	2	1	≤3	–65

 

Table 9 Terminal type

Terminal type	Feature
Worker's office PC	Typically, these are notebook computers or fixed-location PCs that require higher bandwidth. Wired office computers usually need 4Mbps.
Barcode scanner	The device models are usually older and mostly support only 2.4GHz radio frequency. They require low bandwidth but high signal strength, typically above –65dBm. These devices are often fixed in small areas and generate traffic at the KB level.
AGV cart	High-concurrency, high-access special areas (such as parking zones and charging zones) In most scenarios, the number of terminal access connections per single radio does not exceed 40. Sensitive to latency, low traffic, and frequent roaming. The AGV cart requires zero packet loss or a maximum of two lost packets during roaming switchover. The average roaming latency is below 100ms. Keep the datagram rate for small carts below 1 Mbps.

 

When AGV/AMR carts perform network switchover, ensure zero or at most two packet losses during AP handover to maintain smooth business processes. Additionally, define the standard for average delay allowed during roaming. For scenarios requiring real-time performance, keep the average roaming switchover delay below 50ms to avoid impacting service continuity.

Management operation requirements

Gather user requirements for the solution, covering aspects like network architecture and authentication needs.

·     Network architecture

Based on the deployment location of the AC in the network, the networking architecture can be either AC out-of-path deployment or AC direct connection. Consider the coverage area and required throughput of AC management. Deploy the AC at the distribution layer or core layer. To improve reliability, deploy the AC in the core layer and use a dual-link backup mechanism to enhance network redundancy and stability.

·     Authentication requirements

In warehouse operations, use the pre-shared key (PSK) authentication method for AGV/AMR carts and barcode scanners to ensure efficient identity verification. For PC terminals, select either PSK or 802.1X authentication based on your needs to balance security and convenience.

Field survey

In automated warehouse environments, conducting on-site surveys is a key step to ensure successful wireless network deployment. This task involves detailed analysis and acknowledgment of multiple aspects to maximize network coverage and performance.

Field environment

·     Confirm the shelf type, height, and signal blockage caused by goods. Record common indoor wall materials. Estimate or conduct field testing to measure actual signal degrade.

·     Confirm the carts' movement path and method, as well as the Wi-Fi capabilities and antenna position of the carts.

·     Assess concurrency requirements and identify the location with the highest demand.

·     Document the location of the equipment room and validate the configuration of the wired network and exit resources.

·     Identify the power supply and wiring methods available at the installation site.

Table 10 Signal attenuation values of common obstacles

Obstacle type	Thickness (cm)	2.4GHz signal attenuation (dB)	5GHz signal attenuation (dB)	6GHz signal attenuation (dB)
Wooden wall	4	3	5	The 6GHz band experiences more signal attenuation than the 5GHz band, but the difference is smaller than that between the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands. In real-world environments, signal attenuation depends on free-space path loss and diffraction capability. As a best practice, perform field testing to measure signal attenuation.
12 cement wall	12	10	15
18 cement wall	18	13	20
24 cement wall	24	16	25
Glass window	5	4	7
Wooden door	4	3	5
Metal door	3	6	10
Gypsum board	3	4	7
Elevator lobby	N/A	25	35
Metal wall	2	100	100

 

NOTE: The data is for reference only. As a best practice, test signal attenuation on-site when planning and constructing a network.

 

AP

·     Installation location: Record the installable locations for APs.

·     Installation method: Select an appropriate installation location and height based on the actual site. Common installation methods include x86 panel, wall mounting, ceiling mounting, and T-rail mounting. If the device has a weight warning label, the strength of the load-bearing structure should be given priority. As a best practice, use the wall-mounting or T-rail mounting method.

·     Make sure all related engineering accessories, such as mounting kits, power cords, and network cables, are properly matched.

·     Based on the network plan and the engineering survey, list in detail the required network equipment and auxiliary materials.

Antenna

When selecting antennas, ensure even signal distribution. For key areas or overlapping coverage zones, adjust the antenna azimuth and downtilt to prevent interference from main lobe convergence on the same channel.

Field testing

Use professional wireless tools to thoroughly test signal coverage, interference, attenuation, and air interface channel status. This step is essential.

·     Use the Cloudnet APP to test signal coverage, attenuation, and air interface channel status.

·     Simulate the wireless experience using the cloud survey function on the Cloudnet.

·     Compile all survey data and test results into a detailed on-site survey report. The report will provide key foundational data and decision-making support for subsequent network design and adjustments, ensuring the deployed network delivers excellent performance in real-world applications.

Device selection

When selecting wireless network equipment, consider multiple factors to ensure the network coverage and performance meet user needs.

Table 11 Key factors for AP selection

Factors	Description
Wi-Fi standard	Wi-Fi 6 is now fully mature, and Wi-Fi 7 is gradually rolling out for use. Choose the right Wi-Fi 6 or Wi-Fi 7 product based on your project needs.
Radio quantity	The more radios there are, the more clients can be supported. For environments with high client density, select high-density APs. For environments with normal density, select standard dual-band APs.
MIMO	·     The spatial stream count indicates the AP's ability to transmit data to multiple terminals simultaneously, typically ranging from 4 to 12 streams. ·     The more spatial streams the AP supports, the greater the throughput and the higher the capacity for device connectivity.
Antenna	The device has a built-in antenna, and some models support the expansion of external antenna APs. The transmit power and gain of an antenna affect the wireless signal coverage: ·     Antenna types: Antennas are categorized into omnidirectional, directional, and smart antennas based on their radiation orientation. ¡     Omnidirectional antenna: Used for broad coverage areas and short-range applications without specific targets. ¡     Directional antenna: Used to cover focused areas like stands. ·     Transmit power: Adjust the transmit power to reduce interference on the same channel and increase spectrum resource usage. Higher transmit power results in a stronger signal and a wider coverage. ·     Antenna gain is a key indicator of an antenna's ability to transmit and receive signals. The greater the gain the larger the coverage area.
Other	Waterproof, dustproof, and aesthetic requirements

 

Examples of flat/shelf warehouse deployment

Scenario description

The core business of this scenario involves using forklifts and other devices to move goods to designated locations, then scanning the goods to complete picking and inventory counting tasks. Additionally, the warehouse also has a certain demand for PC wireless office work. Therefore, the service features include numerous terminal equipment units, low bandwidth requirements per equipment, and frequent equipment roaming.

Warehouse layout and coverage requirements

Warehouse ceiling height: Typically ranges from 4 to 12 meters, divided into high-shelf and low-shelf zones based on rack height. Each zone has different wireless coverage requirements.

·     High-shelf zone: Stack goods to the top and focus on covering the channel. Ensure the terminal receives a signal strength of at least –65dBm. For other areas, maintain a signal strength of ≥ –75dBm.

·     Low-shelf zone: Store goods at a height of up to 2 meters. Ensure the terminal receives a signal strength of at least –65dBm in the primary coverage zones for moving and storing goods.

Figure 15 High and low shelf zones

 

WLAN network performance requirements

To ensure optimal warehouse performance, make sure the WLAN meets the following performance standards:

·     Terminal concurrency capacity: A single AP supports up to 20 connected clients with an average concurrency rate of 50%.

·     Bandwidth requirements: The user experience bandwidth is 10 Mbps, and the guaranteed bandwidth is 5 Mbps.

·     Latency and packet loss rate: Ensure latency stays below 100 ms in 95% of the area, and keep packet loss rate under 0.1%.

·     Roaming performance:

¡     Ensure the roaming success rate exceeds 97%.

¡     The average roaming delay should be below 100 milliseconds.

¡     Ensure the packet loss rate stays below 1% during roaming.

These standards ensure the efficiency and stability of wireless networks to support the smooth operation of various terminal equipment in warehouses.

AP deployment planning and selection

Low shelf area

Based on comprehensive scenario analysis, follow these recommendations for wireless network deployment and equipment selection in low-shelf areas:

·     Warehouse ceiling height: Ranges from 3 to 12 meters, with shelving height around 2 meters.

·     Equipment selection: Use an AP with a built-in omnidirectional antenna for effective coverage. For optimal compatibility with all types of devices, use the 2.4G+5G dual-band combination.

·     AP layout: Deploy APs in an equilateral triangle pattern with a spacing of 20 to 25 meters.

·     Installation method: Use ceiling-mounted or pole-mounted installation to ensure optimal signal coverage.

·     Model recommendations: For Wi-Fi 6, select the WA6520. For Wi-Fi 7, select the WA7320i.

Figure 16 Deployment diagram for low-shelf areas

 

High shelf area

For high-shelf areas with prominent channels, use omnidirectional or directional antennas to achieve wireless network coverage.

·     Warehouse height: Ranges from 3 to 12 meters, with goods stacked to the top.

·     Omnidirectional antenna solution:

¡     Device selection: Use APs with a built-in omnidirectional antenna for ceiling-mounted coverage. For optimal compatibility with all types of devices, use the 2.4G+5G dual-band combination.

¡     AP layout: Mount APs at a height below 12 meters. Space APs 45 meters apart along a single channel.

¡     Installation method: Use ceiling-mounted or pole-mounted installation to ensure optimal signal coverage.

¡     Model recommendations: For Wi-Fi 6, select the WA6520. For Wi-Fi 7, select the WA7320i.

Figure 17 Deployment diagram for high-shelf area (omnidirectional antenna solution)

 

·     Directional antenna solution:

¡     Device selection: Use APs with an external directional antenna for channel coverage. For optimal compatibility with all types of devices, use the 2.4G+5G dual-band combination.

¡     AP layout: Mount the APs 3 to 5 meters high at both ends of the channel. Point the antennas inward to cover a channel distance of 75 meters.

¡     Installation method: Mount an AP on a wall or pole. Pair it with a directional antenna to cover one channel, with an effective coverage distance of 75 meters.

¡     Recommended models:

-     For Wi-Fi 6, use the WA6620X with directional antenna ANT-2513P-M2.

-     For Wi-Fi 7, use the WA7320XE with directional antenna ANT-2513P-M2.

Figure 18 Deployment diagram for high-shelf area (directional antenna solution)

 

These solutions offer flexible options to ensure signal coverage stability and reliability, tailored to specific environmental needs and device performance.

SSID planning

As mentioned above, select dual-band APs that support both 2.4GHz and 5GHz in this scenario. For SSID configuration, follow these as a best practice:

·     Business-dedicated SSID: Set up a separate SSID, such as pda-ssid, for devices like barcode scanners. Bind it to both 2.4GHz and 5GHz frequency bands. Set the bandwidth to 20MHz to minimize 5GHz channel reuse in the warehouse. In the 2.4 GHz band, selectively disable some radio services based on the distribution of terminal equipment to reduce interference caused by channel reuse.

·     Office-dedicated SSID: Set up another SSID, such as office-ssid, to support wireless office needs in the warehouse. Bind it only to the 5GHz band.

Deployment example for high-rack warehouse - flat/channel scenario

Scenario description

The core function of an AGV warehouse is to move materials using AGVs. AGVs transfer materials between different locations in the warehouse and support inbound and outbound management processes. Additionally, barcode scanners are used to scan goods for picking and inventory counting tasks. Additionally, the warehouse requires wireless office capabilities for several PCs.

Additionally, the charging area specifically designed for AGVs also requires wireless connectivity to ensure continuous device operation and monitoring.

Warehouse layout and coverage requirements

In this scenario, AGVs usually move along fixed routes with clearly designed channel areas, so cover these areas along the channels. Deploy coverage in charging zones similarly to high-density areas due to the higher number of AGVs.

Signal strength requirements: Ensure the terminal receives a signal strength of at least –65dBm in primary coverage areas. In other areas, maintain a signal strength of ≥ –75dBm.

WLAN network performance requirements

To ensure optimal warehouse performance, make sure the WLAN meets the following performance standards:

·     Number of concurrent end users (AGV operation channel): Each AP supports 20 clients with a 50% concurrency rate.

·     Concurrent terminal users (AGV charging area): Each AP supports 60 clients with a 50% concurrency rate.

·     Bandwidth speed: Experience speeds up to 10Mbps with a guaranteed minimum of 5Mbps.

·     Latency and packet loss: 95% areas have latency under 100ms and packet loss rate under 0.1%.

·     Roaming metrics: Roaming success rate > 97%, average roaming latency < 100ms, and roaming packet loss rate < 1%.

AP deployment planning and selection

Carts run on a fixed track

If AGV carts move back and forth on shelves along fixed tracks, use directional antennas to provide wireless coverage for such shelves.

·     Warehouse height: Ranges from 3 to 12 meters, with goods stacked to the top.

·     Device selection: Use APs with an external directional antenna for channel coverage. For optimal compatibility with all types of devices, use the 2.4G+5G dual-band combination.

·     AP layout: Use external antennas. Mount the APs 3 to 5 meters high at both ends of the channel. Point the antennas inward to cover a channel distance of 75 meters.

·     Installation method: Wall-mounted or boom pole-mounted.

·     Recommended models:

¡     For Wi-Fi 6, use the WA6620X with directional antenna ANT-2513P-M2.

¡     For Wi-Fi 7, use the WA7320XE with directional antenna ANT-2513P-M2.

Figure 19 Carts running on fixed tracks

 

Carts run on a fixed large channel

If AGV carts move back and forth along fixed channels, deploy outdoor built-in omnidirectional APs on both sides of the channels.

·     Channel area: 5-15 meters wide and 3-10 meters high. Carts run along the channel.

·     Device selection: Use outdoor built-in omnidirectional APs for channel coverage. For optimal compatibility with all types of devices, use the 2.4G+5G+5G dual-band combination.

·     AP layout: Use the built-in omnidirectional antenna. Mount the APs on a pole next to the channel at a height of 3 to 5 meters. Space APs 20 to 25 meters apart in a W-shaped layout.

·     Installation method: Wall-mounted or pole-mounted.

·     Recommended model: WA6630X.

Figure 20 Carts running on a fixed large channel

 

Carts move freely on the ground

If AGV carts move freely on the ground, use omnidirectional antennas to provide wireless coverage for these shelves.

·     Warehouse ceiling height: Ranges from 3 to 12 meters, with shelving height around 2 meters.

·     Device selection: Use APs with a built-in omnidirectional antenna for optimal coverage. For optimal compatibility with all types of devices, use the 2.4G+5G dual-band combination.

·     AP layout: Deploy APs in an equilateral triangle pattern with a spacing of 20 to 25 meters.

·     Installation method: Use ceiling-mounted or pole-mounted installation to ensure optimal signal coverage.

·     Recommended models:

¡     If the mounting height is below 6 meters, for Wi-Fi 6, select the WA6520. For Wi-Fi 7, select the WA7320i. If the mounting height is over 6 meters, use a directional antenna.

-     For Wi-Fi 6, use the WA6620X with directional antenna ANT-2513P-M2 for downward coverage.

-     For Wi-Fi 7, use the WA7320XE with directional antenna ANT-2513P-M2 for downward coverage.

Figure 21 Carts freely moving on the ground

 

SSID planning

As mentioned above, the key focus of this scenario is to ensure stable AGV cart connection. As a best practice, select dual-band APs that support both 2.4GHz and 5GHz. For SSID configuration, follow these as a best practice:

·     Cart-dedicated SSID: Set a dedicated SSID, such as agv-ssid, to ensure AGV access and seamless roaming. Bind this SSID to the 5GHz band only and set the bandwidth to 20MHz.

·     Service-dedicated SSID: Set up a separate SSID, such as pda-ssid, for devices like barcode scanners. Bind it only to the 2.4GHz band and set the channel width to 20MHz.

High-rack warehouse - Example of high-rack scenario deployment

Scenario description

High-rack warehouse is the primary work environment for AMRs. The carts can move flexibly in all four directions within the storage area, efficiently transporting goods to designated shelves. Therefore, high-rack warehouses become key areas for wireless signal coverage. Based on the warehouse layout and signal obstruction from goods, arrange APs reasonably and flexibly to ensure stable and reliable signal coverage.

Warehouse layout and coverage requirements

·     High-rack warehouses: Typically rectangular. Its dimensions vary based on cargo size and storage capacity. The warehouse typically stands 10 to 12 meters high with 5 to 6 floors. It spans about 10 meters in width (depth) and at least 50 meters in length. Based on shelf height, warehouses divide into high-shelf and low-shelf areas, each requiring different wireless coverage.

·     Number of access terminals: Depending on warehouse size, this solution supports 10 to dozens of terminal access connections.

·     Signal strength requirements: In the main coverage area of the track, ensure the terminal receives a signal strength of at least –65dBm. In surrounding areas, maintain a signal strength of ≥ –75dBm.

Figure 22 High-rack warehouse - high-rack scenario

 

WLAN network performance requirements

To ensure optimal performance of the high-rack warehouse, make sure the WLAN meets the following performance standards:

·     Terminal concurrency capacity: A single AP supports up to 10 connected clients with an average concurrency rate of 100%.

·     Bandwidth requirements: The user experience bandwidth is 5 Mbps, and the guaranteed bandwidth is 1 Mbps.

·     Latency and packet loss rate: Ensure latency stays below 50 ms in 95% of the area, and keep packet loss rate under 0.1%.

·     Roaming performance:

¡     Ensure the roaming success rate exceeds 97%.

¡     The average roaming delay should be below 50 milliseconds.

¡     Ensure the packet loss rate stays below 1% during roaming.

AP deployment planning and selection

General goods high-rack warehouse

If the goods do not significantly block signals, deploy APs with directional antennas in a W-shaped pattern on both sides of the shelving units.

·     Warehouse dimensions (H × W × D): 12 × 10 × 50 m (or larger)

·     Device selection: Use APs with a built-in directional antenna or APs plus an external directional antenna for channel coverage. For optimal compatibility with all types of devices, use the 2.4G+5G dual-band combination.

·     AP layout: Install APs at a height of about 5m on both sides of the high-rack warehouse. Point the antennas toward the warehouse interior. Space APs 30m apart in a W-shaped deployment.

·     Installation method: Wall-mounted or pole-mounted.

·     Recommended models:

¡     For Wi-Fi 6, use the WA6620X with directional antenna ANT-2513P-M2 to cover one side.

¡     For Wi-Fi 7, use the WA7320XE with directional antenna ANT-2513P-M2 to cover one side.

Figure 23 Deployment diagram of a general goods high-rack warehouse

 

Metal goods high-rack warehouse

If goods severely block signals, deploy tri-band APs with directional antennas in a W-shaped pattern along both sides of the shelving height. Extend the antennas to ensure signal coverage on each level.

·     Warehouse dimensions (H × W × D): 12 × 10 × 50 m (or larger)

·     Device selection: Use tri-band APs with an external directional antenna for coverage. For optimal performance, use the 2.4G+5G+5G band combination. Ensure the 5G band supports at least 4 streams.

·     AP layout: Deploy one AP to cover two floors. Install it at heights of around 2m, 4m, or 8m on both sides of the high-rack warehouse, with antennas facing inward.

·     Installation method: Wall-mounted or pole-mounted.

·     Recommended models: Use WA6628X/WA6528X-E (dual 5G) with four directional antennas (ANT-2513P-M2) to cover four locations. Deploy 6 through 8 APs in total. Expand horizontally based on the warehouse layout.

Figure 24 Deployment diagram of a high-rack warehouse for metal goods

 

SSID planning

As mentioned above, the key focus of this scenario is to ensure stable AGV cart connection. As a best practice, select dual-band APs that support both 2.4GHz and 5GHz. For SSID configuration, follow these as a best practice:

·     Cart-dedicated SSID: Set a dedicated SSID, such as agv-ssid, to ensure AGV access and seamless roaming. Bind this SSID to the 5GHz band only and set the bandwidth to 20MHz.

·     Service-dedicated SSID: Set up a separate SSID, such as pda-ssid, for devices like barcode scanners. Bind it only to the 2.4GHz band and set the channel width to 20MHz.

General principles for AP deployment

·     Minimize the number of obstacles the signal passes through in the coverage area.

·     Make sure the installation location is free from high-voltage, strong magnetic, and highly corrosive equipment. Each AP must be at least 2 to 3 meters (6.56 to 9.84 ft) away from such devices to avoid interference.

·     Determine the number of APs based on the service requirements.

·     For PoE scenarios, keep the distance between an AP and the power sourcing equipment under 100 meters.

·     Enter AP information systematically, making sure the name, MAC address, and serial number correspond to avoid errors during later configuration.

·     Secure the APs firmly. Do not leave any AP suspended in the air.

·     When ceiling-mounting an AP, avoid placing it directly under a metal plate. Use a boom pole for installation to minimize signal reflection from the metal plate. Keep the AP as close to the ground as possible with the boom pole. For optimal signal quality, install APs no higher than 6 meters.

·     Prioritize the 5GHz band for deployment. The 2.4GHz band suffers from strong multipath effects in industrial environments. Only use the 2.4GHz band if 5GHz coverage is insufficient.

Best practices

AMR deployment at a domestic new energy factory

Background

This new energy factory is based in China and focuses on the R&D and production of new energy vehicles. The factory uses smart production methods to support mixed-model assembly and quickly adapt to changing customer demands. To ensure high-quality vehicle production, the factory uses smart vision systems extensively and deploys over 900 autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) in workshops. This enables unmanned logistics handling and simplifies engineering processes.

Challenges:

·     Production environments are complex. Metal devices and high ceilings affect wireless signal propagation. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) from motors and radio frequency devices (such as walkie-talkies) impacts wireless channel coverage.

·     AMRs are numerous and move along complex routes, requiring high-performance wireless roaming.

·     Production services must not be disrupted and require extremely high wireless network reliability.

Case overview

Use the H3C warehouse general deployment solution with the following specific measures:

·     Use the dual-AC hot backup technology to enhance network reliability and ensure 24/7 uninterrupted production.

·     Use WA6630X, WA6620X, and directional antennas with the iRadio radio auto-tuning technology to achieve seamless wireless coverage.

·     Use the seamless roaming function of iStation to ensure smooth AMR operation and uninterrupted business.

 

Customer values

This solution effectively improves the efficiency and reliability of AMR production networks:

·     It delivers excellent compatibility and significantly reduces debugging time, boosting AMR deployment efficiency by 25%.

·     It achieves seamless signal coverage and uninterrupted roaming, and reduces AMR parking due to network issues to one in ten thousand.

Domestic express logistics application

Background

As the logistics industry embraces intelligent upgrades, a leading courier company widely uses automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and PAD scanning devices in warehousing and sorting operations. This ensures efficient and accurate cargo sorting and transportation. However, traditional Wi-Fi networks often suffer from delayed signal switchover and coverage gaps in mobile scenarios. This causes frequent AGV disconnections and delayed PAD scanning, severely impacting job efficiency. The customer urgently needs a highly reliable, low-latency wireless network solution to ensure stable connections for AGVs and mobile terminals, supporting uninterrupted 24/7 job operations.

Case overview

To meet customer needs, H3C leverages its extensive wireless expertise in the logistics industry to deliver a tailored "high-density wireless coverage + intelligent roaming optimization" solution.

·     High-concurrency wireless coverage: Deploy H3C Wi-Fi 6 wireless APs (WA6620X) to support multi-client concurrency and meet dense access demands for AGVs, tablets, hand terminals, and other devices.

·     Intelligent roaming switchover technology: Combine smart radio optimization and fast roaming protocols (802.11k/v/r) to enable seamless AP switchovers for AGVs at high speeds, keeping network latency below 50ms.

·     Anti-interference design: Use the air interface resource scheduling algorithm to mitigate multi-device interference and improve scan success rates.

·     Unified network management platform: Leverage the H3C Central AC solution to visualize and maintain radio equipment across the network, quickly perform fault localization, and enable unified management of branch radio equipment from the headquarters, thus ensuring stable and continuous network operation.

 

Customer values

·     Cost reduction and efficiency boost: Minimize downtime losses caused by network outages and cut annual O&M costs by 20%.

·     Intelligent upgrade: Build a solid wireless network foundation for future AGV and automated warehouse expansion.