The integrated service (IntServ) model is a multiple-service model that can accommodate diverse QoS requirements. This service model provides the most granularly differentiated QoS by identifying and guaranteeing definite QoS for each data flow.

In the IntServ model, an application must request service from the network before it sends data. IntServ signals the service request with the RSVP. All nodes receiving the request reserve resources as requested and maintain state information for the application flow.

The IntServ model demands high storage and processing capabilities because it requires all nodes along the transmission path to maintain resource state information for each flow. This model is suitable for small-sized or edge networks. However, it is not suitable for large-sized networks, for example, the core layer of the Internet, where billions of flows are present.

DiffServ model

The differentiated service (DiffServ) model is a multiple-service model that can meet diverse QoS requirements. It is easy to implement and extend. DiffServ does not signal the network to reserve resources before sending data, as IntServ does.

QoS techniques in a network

The QoS techniques include the following features:

· Traffic classification.

· Traffic policing.

· Traffic shaping.

· Rate limit.

· Congestion management.

· Congestion avoidance.

The following section briefly introduces these QoS techniques.

All QoS techniques in this document are based on the DiffServ model.

Figure 1 Position of the QoS techniques in a network

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As shown in Figure 1, traffic classification, traffic shaping, traffic policing, congestion management, and congestion avoidance mainly implement the following functions:

· Traffic classification—Uses match criteria to assign packets with the same characteristics to a traffic class. Based on traffic classes, you can provide differentiated services.

· Traffic policing—Polices flows and imposes penalties to prevent aggressive use of network resources. You can apply traffic policing to both incoming and outgoing traffic of a port.

· Traffic shaping—Adapts the output rate of traffic to the network resources available on the downstream device to eliminate packet drops. Traffic shaping usually applies to the outgoing traffic of a port.

· Congestion management—Provides a resource scheduling policy to determine the packet forwarding sequence when congestion occurs. Congestion management usually applies to the outgoing traffic of a port.

· Congestion avoidance—Monitors the network resource usage. It is usually applied to the outgoing traffic of a port. When congestion worsens, congestion avoidance reduces the queue length by dropping packets.

QoS processing flow in a device

Figure 2 briefly describes how the QoS module processes traffic.

1. Traffic classifier identifies and classifies traffic for subsequent QoS actions.

2. The QoS module takes various QoS actions on classified traffic as configured, depending on the traffic processing phase and network status. For example, you can configure the QoS module to perform the following operations:

¡ Traffic policing for incoming traffic.

¡ Traffic shaping for outgoing traffic.

¡ Congestion avoidance before congestion occurs.

¡ Congestion management when congestion occurs.

Figure 2 QoS processing flow

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QoS configuration approaches

You can configure QoS by using the MQC approach or non-MQC approach.

In the modular QoS configuration (MQC) approach, you configure QoS service parameters by using QoS policies. A QoS policy defines QoS actions to take on different classes of traffic and can be applied to an object (such as an interface) to control traffic.

In the non-MQC approach, you configure QoS service parameters without using a QoS policy. For example, you can use the rate limit feature to set a rate limit on an interface without using a QoS policy.

Some features support both approaches, but some support only one.

Configuring a QoS policy

About QoS policies

A QoS policy has the following components:

· Traffic class—Defines criteria to match packets.

· Traffic behavior—Defines QoS actions to take on matching packets.

By associating a traffic class with a traffic behavior, a QoS policy can perform the QoS actions on matching packets.

A QoS policy can have multiple class-behavior associations.

QoS policy tasks at a glance

To configure a QoS policy, perform the following tasks:

1. Defining a traffic class

2. Defining a traffic behavior

3. Defining a QoS policy

4. Applying the QoS policy

¡ Applying the QoS policy to an Ethernet service instance

¡ Applying the QoS policy to an interface

¡ Applying the QoS policy to VLANs

¡ Applying the QoS policy globally

¡ Applying the QoS policy to a control plane

¡ Applying the QoS policy to a user profile

Defining a traffic class

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create a traffic class and enter traffic class view.

traffic classifier classifier-name [ operator { and | or } ]

3. (Optional.) Configure a description for the traffic class.

description text

By default, no description is configured for a traffic class.

4. Configure a match criterion.

if-match match-criteria

By default, no match criterion is configured.

For more information, see the if-match command in ACL and QoS Command Reference.

Defining a traffic behavior

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create a traffic behavior and enter traffic behavior view.

traffic behavior behavior-name

3. Configure an action in the traffic behavior.

By default, no action is configured for a traffic behavior.

For more information about configuring an action, see the subsequent chapters for traffic policing, traffic filtering, priority marking, class-based accounting, and so on. A traffic behavior can contain multiple actions.

Defining a QoS policy

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create a QoS policy and enter QoS policy view.

qos [ remarking ] policy policy-name

3. Associate a traffic class with a traffic behavior to create a class-behavior association in the QoS policy.

classifier classifier-name behavior behavior-name [ mode dcbx | insert-before before-classifier-name ] *

By default, a traffic class is not associated with a traffic behavior.

Repeat this step to create more class-behavior associations.

Parameter	Description
dcbx	Specifies that a class-behavior association applies only to DCBX. For more information about DCBX, see Layer 2—LAN Switching Configuration Guide.

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Applying the QoS policy

Application destinations

You can apply a QoS policy to the following destinations:

· Ethernet service instance—The QoS policy can be applied to the traffic received on the Ethernet service instance.

· Interface—The QoS policy can be applied to the traffic sent or received on the interface.

· VLAN—The QoS policy can be applied to the traffic sent or received on all ports in the VLAN.

· Globally—The QoS policy can be applied to the traffic sent or received on all ports.

· Control plane—The QoS policy can be applied to the traffic received on the control plane.

· User profile—The QoS policy can be applied to the traffic sent or received by the online users of the user profile.

Restrictions and guidelines for applying a QoS policy

You can modify traffic classes, traffic behaviors, and class-behavior associations in a QoS policy even after it is applied (except that it is applied to a user profile). If a traffic class uses an ACL for traffic classification, you can delete or modify the ACL.

If an action in a traffic behavior cannot take effect, all other actions in the traffic behavior do not take effect.

Applying the QoS policy to an Ethernet service instance

Restrictions and guidelines

For configuration commands for Ethernet service instances, see VXLAN Command Reference.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter Layer 2 Ethernet interface view or Layer 2 aggregate interface view.

¡ Enter Layer 2 Ethernet interface view:
interface interface-type interface-number

¡ Enter Layer 2 aggregate interface view:
interface bridge-aggregation interface-number

3. Create an Ethernet service instance and enter Ethernet service instance view.

service-instance instance-id

4. Apply the QoS policy to the Ethernet service instance.

qos apply policy policy-name inbound

By default, no QoS policy is applied to an Ethernet service instance.

Applying the QoS policy to an interface

Restrictions and guidelines

A QoS policy can be applied to multiple interfaces. However, only one QoS policy can be applied to one direction (inbound or outbound) of an interface.

The QoS policy applied to the outgoing traffic on an interface does not regulate local packets. Local packets refer to critical protocol packets sent by the local system for operation maintenance. The most common local packets include link maintenance, RIP, LDP, and SSH packets.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter interface view.

interface interface-type interface-number

3. Apply the QoS policy to the interface.

qos apply [ remarking ] policy policy-name { inbound | outbound }

By default, no QoS policy is applied to an interface.

Applying the QoS policy to VLANs

About this task

You can apply a QoS policy to VLANs to regulate the traffic on all ports of the VLANs.

Restrictions and guidelines

QoS policies cannot be applied to dynamic VLANs, including VLANs created by GVRP.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Apply the QoS policy to VLANs.

qos vlan-policy policy-name vlan vlan-id-list { inbound | outbound }

By default, no QoS policy is applied to a VLAN.

Applying the QoS policy globally

About this task

You can apply a QoS policy globally to the inbound or outbound direction of all ports.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Apply the QoS policy globally.

qos apply [remarking ] policy policy-name global { inbound | outbound }

By default, no QoS policy is applied globally.

Applying the QoS policy to a control plane

About this task

A device provides the user plane and the control plane.

· User plane—The units at the user plane are responsible for receiving, transmitting, and switching (forwarding) packets, such as various dedicated forwarding chips. They deliver super processing speeds and throughput.

· Control plane—The units at the control plane are processing units running most routing and switching protocols. They are responsible for protocol packet resolution and calculation, such as CPUs. Compared with user plane units, the control plane units allow for great packet processing flexibility but have lower throughput.

When the user plane receives packets that it cannot recognize or process, it transmits them to the control plane. If the transmission rate exceeds the processing capability of the control plane, the control plane will be busy handling undesired packets. As a result, the control plane will fail to handle legitimate packets correctly or timely. As a result, protocol performance is affected.

To address this problem, apply a QoS policy to the control plane to take QoS actions, such as traffic filtering or traffic policing, on inbound traffic. This ensures that the control plane can correctly receive, transmit, and process packets.

A predefined control plane QoS policy uses the protocol type or protocol group type to identify the type of packets sent to the control plane. You can use protocol types or protocol group types in if-match control-plane commands in traffic class view for traffic classification. Then you can reconfigure traffic behaviors for these traffic classes as required. You can use the display qos policy control-plane pre-defined command to display predefined control plane QoS policies.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter control plane view.

control-plane slot slot-number

3. Apply the QoS policy to the control plane.

qos apply policy policy-name inbound

By default, no QoS policy is applied to a control plane.

Applying the QoS policy to a user profile

About this task

When a user profile is configured, you can perform traffic policing based on users. After a user passes authentication, the authentication server sends the name of the user profile associated with the user to the device. The QoS policy configured in user profile view takes effect only when users come online.

Restrictions and guidelines

You can apply a QoS policy to multiple user profiles. In one direction of each user profile, only one policy can be applied. To modify a QoS policy already applied to a direction, first remove the applied QoS policy.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter user profile view.

user-profile profile-name

3. Apply the QoS policy to the user profile.

qos apply policy policy-name { inbound | outbound }

By default, no QoS policy is applied to a user profile.

Parameter	Description
inbound	Applies a QoS policy to the traffic incoming traffic (traffic received by the device from online users).
outbound	Applies a QoS policy to the outgoing traffic (traffic sent by the device to online users).

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Verifying and maintaining QoS policies

Verifying QoS policy configuration

Perform display tasks in any view.

· Display traffic class configuration.

display traffic classifier user-defined [ classifier-name ] [ slot slot-number ]

· Display traffic behavior configuration.

display traffic behavior user-defined [ behavior-name ] [ slot slot-number ]

· Display QoS policy configuration.

display qos policy user-defined [ remarking ] [ policy-name [ classifier classifier-name ] ] [ slot slot-number ]

· Display information about the predefined QoS policy applied to the control plane.

display qos policy control-plane pre-defined [ slot slot-number ]

Verifying QoS policy running status

Perform display tasks in any view.

· Display information about QoS policies applied to interfaces.

display qos [ remarking ] policy interface [ interface-type interface-number ] [ slot slot-number ] [ inbound | outbound ]

· Display information about QoS policies applied to VLANs.

display qos vlan-policy { name policy-name | vlan [ vlan-id ] } [ slot slot-number ] [ inbound | outbound ]

· Display information about QoS policies applied globally.

display qos [ remarking ] policy global [ slot slot-number ] [ inbound | outbound ]

· Display information about QoS policies applied to the control plane.

display qos policy control-plane slot slot-number

· Display information about QoS policies applied to user profiles.

display qos policy user-profile [ name profile-name ] [ user-id user-id ] [ slot slot-number ] [ inbound | outbound ]

· Display the QoS policies applied to Ethernet service instances.

display qos policy l2vpn-ac [ interface interface-type interface-number [ service-instance instance-id ] [ slot slot-number ] ] [ inbound ]

Displaying QoS and ACL resource usage

To display QoS and ACL resource usage, execute the following command in any view:

display qos-acl resource [ slot slot-number ]

Clearing QoS policy statistics

Perform all clear tasks in user view.

· Clear the statistics for the QoS policies applied to VLANs.

reset qos vlan-policy [ vlan vlan-id ] [ inbound | outbound ]

· Clear the statistics for QoS policies applied globally.

reset qos [ remarking ] policy global [ inbound | outbound ]

· Clear the statistics for the QoS policy applied to a control plane.

reset qos policy control-plane slot slot-number

Configuring priority mapping

About priority mapping

When a packet arrives, a device assigns a set of QoS priority parameters to the packet based on either of the following:

· A priority field carried in the packet.

· The port priority of the incoming port.

This process is called priority mapping. During this process, the device can modify the priority of the packet according to the priority mapping rules. The set of QoS priority parameters decides the scheduling priority and forwarding priority of the packet.

Priority mapping is implemented with priority maps and involves the following priorities:

· 802.11e priority.

· 802.1p priority.

· DSCP.

· IP precedence.

· Local precedence.

· Drop priority.

About priorities

Priorities include the following types: priorities carried in packets, and priorities locally assigned for scheduling only.

Packet-carried priorities include 802.1p priority, DSCP precedence, IP precedence, and EXP. These priorities have global significance and affect the forwarding priority of packets across the network. For more information about these priorities, see "Appendix C Introduction to packet precedence."

Locally assigned priorities only have local significance. They are assigned by the device only for scheduling. These priorities include the local precedence, drop priority, and user priority, as follows:

· Local precedence—Used for queuing. A local precedence value corresponds to an output queue. A packet with higher local precedence is assigned to a higher priority output queue to be preferentially scheduled.

· Drop priority—Used for making packet drop decisions. Packets with the highest drop priority are dropped preferentially.

· User priority—Precedence that the device automatically extracts from a priority field of the packet according to its forwarding path. It is a parameter for determining the scheduling priority and forwarding priority of the packet. The user priority represents the following items:

¡ The 802.1p priority for Layer 2 packets.

¡ The IP precedence for Layer 3 packets.

The device supports only local precedence and drop priority for scheduling.

Priority maps

The device provides various types of priority maps. By looking through a priority map, the device decides which priority value to assign to a packet for subsequent packet processing.

The default priority maps (as shown in Appendix B Default priority maps) are available for priority mapping. They are adequate in most cases. If a default priority map cannot meet your requirements, you can modify the priority map as required.

Priority mapping configuration methods

You can configure priority mapping by using any of the following methods:

· Configuring priority trust mode—In this method, you can configure a port to look up a trusted priority type (802.1p, for example) in incoming packets in the priority maps. Then, the system maps the trusted priority to the target priority types and values.

· Changing port priority—If no packet priority is trusted, the port priority of the incoming port is used. By changing the port priority of a port, you change the priority of the incoming packets on the port.

Priority mapping process

On receiving an Ethernet packet on a port, the switch marks the scheduling priorities (local precedence and drop precedence) for the Ethernet packet. This procedure is done according to the priority trust mode of the receiving port and the 802.1Q tagging status of the packet, as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 Priority mapping process for an Ethernet packet

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For information about priority marking, see "Configuring priority marking."

Priority mapping tasks at a glance

To configure priority mapping, perform the following tasks:

1. (Optional.) Configuring a priority map

2. Configure a priority mapping method:

¡ Configuring a port to trust packet priority for priority mapping

¡ Changing the port priority of an interface

Configuring a priority map

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter priority map view.

qos map-table { dot1p-dp | dot1p-exp | dot1p-lp | dscp-dot1p| dscp-dp | dscp-dscp }

3. Configure mappings for the priority map.

import import-value-list export export-value

By default, the default priority maps are used. For more information, see "Appendix B Default priority maps."

If you execute this command multiple times, the most recent configuration takes effect.

Configuring a port to trust packet priority for priority mapping

About this task

You can configure the device to trust a particular priority field carried in packets for priority mapping on ports or globally. When you configure the trusted packet priority type on an interface, use the following available keywords:

· dot1p—Uses the 802.1p priority of received packets for mapping.

· dscp—Uses the DSCP precedence of received IP packets for mapping.

Restrictions and guidelines

The term "interface" in this section collectively refers to Layer 2 and Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces. You can use the port link-mode command to configure an Ethernet port as a Layer 2 or Layer 3 interface (see Ethernet interface configuration in Interface Configuration Guide).

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter interface view.

interface interface-type interface-number

3. Configure the trusted packet priority type.

qos trust { dot1p | dscp }

By default, an interface does not trust any packet priority and uses the port priority as the 802.1p priority for mapping.

Changing the port priority of an interface

About this task

If an interface does not trust any packet priority, the device uses its port priority to look for priority parameters for the incoming packets. By changing port priority, you can prioritize traffic received on different interfaces.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter interface view.

interface interface-type interface-number

3. Set the port priority of the interface.

qos priority [ dscp ] priority-value

The default setting is 0.

Verifying and maintaining commands for priority mapping

Perform display tasks in any view.

· Display priority map configuration.

· Display the trusted packet priority type on a port.

display qos trust interface [ interface-type interface-number ]

Priority mapping configuration examples

Example: Configuring a priority trust mode

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 4:

· The 802.1p priority of traffic from Device A to Device C is 3.

· The 802.1p priority of traffic from Device B to Device C is 1.

Configure Device C to preferentially process packets from Device A to the server when GigabitEthernet 1/0/3 of Device C is congested.

Figure 4 Network diagram

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Procedure

(Method 1) Configure Device C to trust packet priority

# Configure GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 and GigabitEthernet 1/0/2 to trust the 802.1p priority for priority mapping.

<DeviceC> system-view

[DeviceC] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[DeviceC-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos trust dot1p

[DeviceC-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] quit

[DeviceC] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/2

[DeviceC-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] qos trust dot1p

[DeviceC-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] quit

(Method 2) Configure Device C to trust port priority

# Assign port priority to GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 and GigabitEthernet 1/0/2. Make sure the following requirements are met:

· The priority of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 is higher than that of GigabitEthernet 1/0/2.

· No trusted packet priority type is configured on GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 or GigabitEthernet 1/0/2.

<DeviceC> system-view

[DeviceC] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[DeviceC-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos priority 3

[DeviceC-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] quit

[DeviceC] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/2

[DeviceC-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] qos priority 1

[DeviceC-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] quit

Example: Configuring priority mapping tables and priority marking

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 5:

· The Marketing department connects to GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 of Device, which sets the 802.1p priority of traffic from the Marketing department to 3.

· The R&D department connects to GigabitEthernet 1/0/2 of Device, which sets the 802.1p priority of traffic from the R&D department to 4.

· The Management department connects to GigabitEthernet 1/0/3 of Device, which sets the 802.1p priority of traffic from the Management department to 5.

Configure port priority, 802.1p-to-local mapping table, and priority marking to implement the plan as described in Table 1.

Table 1 Configuration plan

Traffic destination	Traffic priority order	Queuing plan
Traffic destination	Traffic priority order	Traffic source	Output queue	Queue priority
Public servers	R&D department > Management department > Marketing department	R&D department	6	High
		Management department	4	Medium
		Marketing department	2	Low
Internet	Management department > Marketing department > R&D department	R&D department	2	Low
		Management department	6	High
		Marketing department	4	Medium

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Figure 5 Network diagram

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Procedure

1. Configure trusting port priority:

# Set the port priority of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 to 3.

<Device> system-view

[Device] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos priority 3

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] quit

# Set the port priority of GigabitEthernet 1/0/2 to 4.

[Device] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/2

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] qos priority 4

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] quit

# Set the port priority of GigabitEthernet 1/0/3 to 5.

[Device] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/3

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] qos priority 5

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] quit

2. Configure the 802.1p-to-local mapping table to map 802.1p priority values 3, 4, and 5 to local precedence values 2, 6, and 4.

This guarantees the R&D department, Management department, and Marketing department decreased priorities to access the public servers.

[Device] qos map-table dot1p-lp

[Device-maptbl-dot1p-lp] import 3 export 2

[Device-maptbl-dot1p-lp] import 4 export 6

[Device-maptbl-dot1p-lp] import 5 export 4

[Device-maptbl-dot1p-lp] quit

3. Configure priority marking to mark the packets from Management department, Marketing department, and R&D department to the Internet with 802.1p priority values 4, 5, and 3.

This guarantees the Management department, Marketing department, and R&D department decreased priorities to access the Internet.

# Create ACL 3000, and configure a rule to match HTTP packets.

[Device] acl advanced 3000

[Device-acl-adv-3000] rule permit tcp destination-port eq 80

[Device-acl-adv-3000] quit

# Create a traffic class named http, and use ACL 3000 as a match criterion.

[Device] traffic classifier http

[Device-classifier-http] if-match acl 3000

[Device-classifier-http] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named admin, and configure a marking action for the Management department.

[Device] traffic behavior admin

[Device-behavior-admin] remark dot1p 4

[Device-behavior-admin] quit

# Create a QoS policy named admin, and associate traffic class http with traffic behavior admin in QoS policy admin.

[Device] qos policy admin

[Device-qospolicy-admin] classifier http behavior admin

[Device-qospolicy-admin] quit

# Apply QoS policy admin to the inbound direction of GigabitEthernet 1/0/3.

[Device] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/3

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/3] qos apply policy admin inbound

# Create a traffic behavior named market, and configure a marking action for the Marketing department.

[Device] traffic behavior market

[Device-behavior-market] remark dot1p 5

[Device-behavior-market] quit

# Create a QoS policy named market, and associate traffic class http with traffic behavior market in QoS policy market.

[Device] qos policy market

[Device-qospolicy-market] classifier http behavior market

[Device-qospolicy-market] quit

# Apply QoS policy market to the inbound direction of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.

[Device] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos apply policy market inbound

# Create a traffic behavior named rd, and configure a marking action for the R&D department.

[Device] traffic behavior rd

[Device-behavior-rd] remark dot1p 3

[Device-behavior-rd] quit

# Create a QoS policy named rd, and associate traffic class http with traffic behavior rd in QoS policy rd.

[Device] qos policy rd

[Device-qospolicy-rd] classifier http behavior rd

[Device-qospolicy-rd] quit

# Apply QoS policy rd to the inbound direction of GigabitEthernet 1/0/2.

[Device] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/2

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] qos apply policy rd inbound

Configuring traffic policing, GTS, and rate limit

About traffic policing, GTS, and rate limit

Traffic limit helps assign network resources (including bandwidth) and increase network performance. For example, you can configure a flow to use only the resources committed to it in a certain time range. This avoids network congestion caused by burst traffic.

Traffic policing, Generic Traffic Shaping (GTS), and rate limit control the traffic rate and resource usage according to traffic specifications. You can use token buckets for evaluating traffic specifications.

Traffic evaluation and token buckets

Token bucket features

A token bucket is analogous to a container that holds a certain number of tokens. Each token represents a certain forwarding capacity. The system puts tokens into the bucket at a constant rate. When the token bucket is full, the extra tokens cause the token bucket to overflow.

Evaluating traffic with the token bucket

A token bucket mechanism evaluates traffic by looking at the number of tokens in the bucket. If the number of tokens in the bucket is enough for forwarding the packets:

· The traffic conforms to the specification (called conforming traffic).

· The corresponding tokens are taken away from the bucket.

Otherwise, the traffic does not conform to the specification (called excess traffic).

A token bucket has the following configurable parameters:

· Mean rate at which tokens are put into the bucket, which is the permitted average rate of traffic. It is usually set to the committed information rate (CIR).

· Burst size or the capacity of the token bucket. It is the maximum traffic size permitted in each burst. It is usually set to the committed burst size (CBS). The set burst size must be greater than the maximum packet size.

Each arriving packet is evaluated.

Complicated evaluation

You can set two token buckets, bucket C and bucket E, to evaluate traffic in a more complicated environment and achieve more policing flexibility. The following are main mechanisms used for complicated evaluation:

· Single rate two color—Uses one token bucket and the following parameters:

¡ CIR—Rate at which tokens are put into bucket C. It sets the average packet transmission or forwarding rate allowed by bucket C.

¡ CBS—Size of bucket C, which specifies the transient burst of traffic that bucket C can forward.

When a packet arrives, the following rules apply:

¡ If bucket C has enough tokens to forward the packet, the packet is colored green.

¡ Otherwise, the packet is colored red.

· Single rate three color—Uses two token buckets and the following parameters:

¡ CIR—Rate at which tokens are put into bucket C. It sets the average packet transmission or forwarding rate allowed by bucket C.

¡ CBS—Size of bucket C, which specifies the transient burst of traffic that bucket C can forward.

¡ EBS—Size of bucket E minus size of bucket C, which specifies the transient burst of traffic that bucket E can forward. The EBS cannot be 0. The size of E bucket is the sum of the CBS and EBS.

When a packet arrives, the following rules apply:

¡ If bucket C has enough tokens, the packet is colored green.

¡ If bucket C does not have enough tokens but bucket E has enough tokens, the packet is colored yellow.

¡ If neither bucket C nor bucket E has sufficient tokens, the packet is colored red.

· Two rate three color—Uses two token buckets and the following parameters:

¡ CIR—Rate at which tokens are put into bucket C. It sets the average packet transmission or forwarding rate allowed by bucket C.

¡ CBS—Size of bucket C, which specifies the transient burst of traffic that bucket C can forward.

¡ PIR—Rate at which tokens are put into bucket E, which specifies the average packet transmission or forwarding rate allowed by bucket E.

¡ EBS—Size of bucket E, which specifies the transient burst of traffic that bucket E can forward.

When a packet arrives, the following rules apply:

¡ If bucket C has enough tokens, the packet is colored green.

¡ If bucket C does not have enough tokens but bucket E has enough tokens, the packet is colored yellow.

¡ If neither bucket C nor bucket E has sufficient tokens, the packet is colored red.

Traffic policing

A typical application of traffic policing is to supervise the specification of traffic entering a network and limit it within a reasonable range. Another application is to "discipline" the extra traffic to prevent aggressive use of network resources by an application. For example, you can limit bandwidth for HTTP packets to less than 50% of the total. If the traffic of a session exceeds the limit, traffic policing can drop the packets or reset the IP precedence of the packets. Figure 6 shows an example of policing outbound traffic on an interface.

Figure 6 Traffic policing

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Traffic policing can classify the policed traffic and take predefined policing actions on each packet depending on the evaluation result:

· Forwarding the packet.

· Dropping the packet.

GTS

GTS limits the traffic rate by buffering exceeding traffic. You can use GTS to adapt the traffic output rate on a device to the input traffic rate of its connected device to avoid packet loss.

The differences between traffic policing and GTS are as follows:

· Packets to be dropped with traffic policing are retained in a buffer or queue with GTS, as shown in Figure 7. When enough tokens are in the token bucket, the buffered packets are sent at an even rate.

· GTS can result in additional delay and traffic policing does not.

Figure 7 GTS

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For example, in Figure 8, Device B performs traffic policing on packets from Device A and drops packets exceeding the limit. To avoid packet loss, you can perform GTS on the outgoing interface of Device A so that packets exceeding the limit are cached in Device A. Once resources are released, GTS takes out the cached packets and sends them out.

Figure 8 GTS application

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Rate limit

The rate limit of an interface specifies the maximum rate for forwarding packets (excluding critical packets).

Rate limit also uses token buckets for traffic control. When rate limit is configured on an interface, a token bucket handles all packets to be sent through the interface for rate limiting. If enough tokens are in the token bucket, packets can be forwarded. Otherwise, packets are put into QoS queues for congestion management. In this way, the traffic passing the interface is controlled.

Figure 9 Rate limit implementation

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The token bucket mechanism limits traffic rate when accommodating bursts. It allows bursty traffic to be transmitted if enough tokens are available. If tokens are scarce, packets cannot be transmitted until efficient tokens are generated in the token bucket. It restricts the traffic rate to the rate for generating tokens.

Rate limit controls the total rate of all packets on an interface. It is easier to use than traffic policing in controlling the total traffic rate.

Configuring traffic policing

Restrictions and guidelines

The device supports the following application destinations for traffic policing:

· Interface.

· VLANs.

· Globally.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Define a traffic class.

a. Create a traffic class and enter traffic class view.

traffic classifier classifier-name [ operator { and | or } ]

b. Configure a match criterion.

if-match match-criteria

By default, no match criterion is configured.

For more information about the if-match command, see ACL and QoS Command Reference.

c. Return to system view.

quit

3. Define a traffic behavior.

a. Create a traffic behavior and enter traffic behavior view.

traffic behavior behavior-name

b. Configure a traffic policing action.

car cir committed-information-rate [ cbs committed-burst-size [ ebs excess-burst-size ] ] [ green action | red action | yellow action ] *

car cir committed-information-rate [ cbs committed-burst-size ] pir peak-information-rate [ ebs excess-burst-size ] [ green action | red action | yellow action ] *

By default, no traffic policing action is configured.

c. Return to system view.

quit

4. Define a QoS policy.

a. Create a QoS policy and enter QoS policy view.

qos policy policy-name

b. Associate the traffic class with the traffic behavior in the QoS policy.

classifier classifier-name behavior behavior-name

By default, a traffic class is not associated with a traffic behavior.

c. Return to system view.

quit

5. Apply the QoS policy.

For more information, see "Applying the QoS policy."

By default, no QoS policy is applied.

Configuring GTS

Restrictions and guidelines

A queue-based GTS action takes effect only on outgoing traffic in the specified queue.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter interface view.

interface interface-type interface-number

3. Configure GTS for a queue.

qos gts queue queue-id cir committed-information-rate [ cbs committed-burst-size ]

By default, GTS is not configured on an interface queue.

Configuring the rate limit

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter interface view.

interface interface-type interface-number

3. Configure the rate limit for the interface.

qos lr { inbound | outbound } cir committed-information-rate [ cbs committed-burst-size ]

By default, no rate limit is configured on an interface.

Verifying and maintaining traffic policing, GTS, and rate limit

Verifying MQC-based traffic policing and GTS configurations

To verify MQC-based traffic policing and GTS configurations, execute the following command in any view:

display traffic behavior user-defined [ behavior-name ]

Verifying non-MQC traffic policing, GTS, and rate limit configurations and statistics

Perform display tasks in any view.

· Display GTS configuration and statistics for interfaces.

display qos gts interface [ interface-type interface-number ]

· Display rate limit configuration and statistics.

display qos lr interface [ interface-type interface-number ]

Displaying QoS and ACL resource usage

To display QoS and ACL resource usage, execute the following command in any view:

display qos-acl resource [ slot slot-number ]

Traffic policing, GTS, and rate limit configuration examples

Example: Configuring traffic policing

Network requirements

As shown in Figure 10:

· The server, Host A, and Host B can access the Internet through Device A and Device B.

· The server, Host A, and GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 of Device A are in the same network segment.

· Host B and GigabitEthernet 1/0/2 of Device A are in the same network segment.

Perform traffic control for the packets that GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 of Device A receives from the server and Host A using the following guidelines:

· Limit the rate of packets from the server to 10240 kbps. When the traffic rate is below 10240 kbps, the traffic is forwarded. When the traffic rate exceeds 10240 kbps, the excess packets are marked with DSCP value 0 and then forwarded.

· Limit the rate of packets from Host A to 2560 kbps. When the traffic rate is below 2560 kbps, the traffic is forwarded. When the traffic rate exceeds 2560 kbps, the excess packets are dropped.

Perform traffic control on GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 and GigabitEthernet 1/0/2 of Device B using the following guidelines:

· Limit the incoming traffic rate on GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 to 20480 kbps, and the excess packets are dropped.

· Limit the outgoing traffic rate on GigabitEthernet 1/0/2 to 10240 kbps, and the excess packets are dropped.

Figure 10 Network diagram

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Configuration procedure

1. Configure Device A:

# Configure ACL 2001 and ACL 2002 to permit the packets from the server and Host A, respectively.

<DeviceA> system-view

[DeviceA] acl basic 2001

[DeviceA-acl-ipv4-basic-2001] rule permit source 1.1.1.1 0

[DeviceA-acl-ipv4-basic-2001] quit

[DeviceA] acl basic 2002

[DeviceA-acl-ipv4-basic-2002] rule permit source 1.1.1.2 0

[DeviceA-acl-ipv4-basic-2002] quit

# Create a traffic class named server, and use ACL 2001 as the match criterion.

[DeviceA] traffic classifier server

[DeviceA-classifier-server] if-match acl 2001

[DeviceA-classifier-server] quit

# Create a traffic class named host, and use ACL 2002 as the match criterion.

[DeviceA] traffic classifier host

[DeviceA-classifier-host] if-match acl 2002

[DeviceA-classifier-host] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named server, and configure a traffic policing action (CIR 10240 kbps).

[DeviceA] traffic behavior server

[DeviceA-behavior-server] car cir 10240 red remark-dscp-pass 0

[DeviceA-behavior-server] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named host, and configure a traffic policing action (CIR 2560 kbps).

[DeviceA] traffic behavior host

[DeviceA-behavior-host] car cir 2560

[DeviceA-behavior-host] quit

# Create a QoS policy named car, and associate traffic classes server and host with traffic behaviors server and host in QoS policy car, respectively.

[DeviceA] qos policy car

[DeviceA-qospolicy-car] classifier server behavior server

[DeviceA-qospolicy-car] classifier host behavior host

[DeviceA-qospolicy-car] quit

# Apply QoS policy car to the inbound direction of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.

[DeviceA] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[DeviceA-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos apply policy car inbound

2. Configure Device B:

# Create ACL 3001, and configure a rule to match HTTP packets.

<DeviceB> system-view

[DeviceB] acl advanced 3001

[DeviceB-acl-adv-3001] rule permit tcp destination-port eq 80

[DeviceB-acl-adv-3001] quit

# Create a traffic class named http, and use ACL 3001 as a match criterion.

[DeviceB] traffic classifier http

[DeviceB-classifier-http] if-match acl 3001

[DeviceB-classifier-http] quit

# Create a traffic class named class, and configure the traffic class to match all packets.

[DeviceB] traffic classifier class

[DeviceB-classifier-class] if-match any

[DeviceB-classifier-class] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named car_inbound, and configure a traffic policing action (CIR 20480 kbps).

[DeviceB] traffic behavior car_inbound

[DeviceB-behavior-car_inbound] car cir 20480

[DeviceB-behavior-car_inbound] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named car_outbound, and configure a traffic policing action (CIR 10240 kbps).

[DeviceB] traffic behavior car_outbound

[DeviceB-behavior-car_outbound] car cir 10240

[DeviceB-behavior-car_outbound] quit

# Create a QoS policy named car_inbound, and associate traffic class class with traffic behavior car_inbound in QoS policy car_inbound.

[DeviceB] qos policy car_inbound

[DeviceB-qospolicy-car_inbound] classifier class behavior car_inbound

[DeviceB-qospolicy-car_inbound] quit

# Create a QoS policy named car_outbound, and associate traffic class http with traffic behavior car_outbound in QoS policy car_outbound.

[DeviceB] qos policy car_outbound

[DeviceB-qospolicy-car_outbound] classifier http behavior car_outbound

[DeviceB-qospolicy-car_outbound] quit

# Apply QoS policy car_inbound to the inbound direction of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.

[DeviceB] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[DeviceB-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos apply policy car_inbound inbound

# Apply QoS policy car_outbound to the outbound direction of GigabitEthernet 1/0/2.

[DeviceB] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/2

[DeviceB-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] qos apply policy car_outbound outbound

Configuring congestion management

About congestion management

Cause, negative results, and countermeasure of congestion

Congestion occurs on a link or node when traffic size exceeds the processing capability of the link or node. It is typical of a statistical multiplexing network and can be caused by link failures, insufficient resources, and various other causes.

Figure 11 shows two typical congestion scenarios.

Figure 11 Traffic congestion scenarios

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Congestion produces the following negative results:

· Increased delay and jitter during packet transmission.

· Decreased network throughput and resource use efficiency.

· Network resource (memory, in particular) exhaustion and even system breakdown.

Congestion is unavoidable in switched networks and multiuser application environments. To improve the service performance of your network, take measures to manage and control it.

The key to congestion management is defining a resource dispatching policy to prioritize packets for forwarding when congestion occurs.

Congestion management methods

Congestion management uses queuing and scheduling algorithms to classify and sort traffic leaving a port.

The device supports the following queuing mechanisms:

· SP.

· WRR.

SP queuing

SP queuing is designed for mission-critical applications that require preferential service to reduce the response delay when congestion occurs.

Figure 12 SP queuing

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In Figure 12, SP queuing classifies eight queues on a port into eight classes, numbered 7 to 0 in descending priority order.

SP queuing schedules the eight queues in the descending order of priority. SP queuing sends packets in the queue with the highest priority first. When the queue with the highest priority is empty, it sends packets in the queue with the second highest priority, and so on. You can assign mission-critical packets to a high priority queue to make sure they are always served first. Common service packets can be assigned to low priority queues to be transmitted when high priority queues are empty.

The disadvantage of SP queuing is that packets in the lower priority queues cannot be transmitted if packets exist in the higher priority queues. In the worst case, lower priority traffic might never get serviced.

WRR queuing

WRR queuing schedules all the queues in turn to ensure that every queue is served for a certain time, as shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13 WRR queuing

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Assume a port provides eight output queues. WRR assigns each queue a weight value (represented by w7, w6, w5, w4, w3, w2, w1, or w0). The weight value of a queue decides the proportion of resources assigned to the queue. On a 100 Mbps port, you can set the weight values to 50, 30, 10, 10, 50, 30, 10, and 10 for w7 through w0. In this way, the queue with the lowest priority can get a minimum of 5 Mbps of bandwidth. WRR solves the problem that SP queuing might fail to serve packets in low-priority queues for a long time.

Another advantage of WRR queuing is that when the queues are scheduled in turn, the service time for each queue is not fixed. If a queue is empty, the next queue will be scheduled immediately. This improves bandwidth resource use efficiency.

WRR queuing includes the following types:

· Basic WRR queuing—Contains multiple queues. You can set the weight for each queue, and WRR schedules these queues based on the user-defined parameters in a round robin manner.

· Group-based WRR queuing—All the queues are scheduled by WRR. You can divide output queues to WRR priority queue group 1 and WRR priority queue group 2. Round robin queue scheduling is performed for group 1 first. If group 1 is empty, round robin queue scheduling is performed for group 2. Only WRR priority queue group 1 is supported in the current software version.

On an interface enabled with group-based WRR queuing, you can assign queues to the SP group. Queues in the SP group are scheduled with SP. The SP group has higher scheduling priority than the WRR groups.

Congestion management tasks at a glance

To configure congestion management, perform the following tasks:

· Configuring queuing on an interface

¡ Configuring SP queuing

¡ Configuring WRR queuing

¡ Configuring SP+WRR queuing

· Configuring a queue scheduling profile

Configuring queuing on an interface

Restrictions and guidelines for queuing configuration

Configuring SP queuing

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter interface view.

interface interface-type interface-number

3. Configure SP queuing.

qos sp

By default, an interface uses byte-count WRR queuing.

Configuring WRR queuing

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter interface view.

interface interface-type interface-number

3. Enable WRR queuing.

qos wrr byte-count

By default, an interface uses byte-count WRR queuing.

4. Assign a queue to a WRR group, and configure scheduling parameters for the queue.

qos wrr queue-id group 1 byte-count schedule-value

By default, all queues on a WRR-enabled interface are in WRR group 1, and queues 0 through 7 have a weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 13, and 15, respectively.

Configuring SP+WRR queuing

Restrictions and guidelines

To configure the scheduling weight, you must specify the same scheduling unit as specified when enabling WRR queuing.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter interface view.

interface interface-type interface-number

3. Enable byte-count or packet-count WRR queuing.

qos wrr byte-count

By default, an interface uses byte-count WRR queuing.

4. Assign a queue to the SP group.

qos wrr queue-id group sp

By default, all queues on a WRR-enabled interface are in WRR group 1.

5. Assign a queue to a WRR group, and configure a scheduling weight for the queue.

qos wrr queue-id group 1 byte-count schedule-value

By default, all queues on a WRR-enabled interface are in WRR group 1, and queues 0 through 7 have a weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 13, and 15, respectively.

Configuring a queue scheduling profile

About queue scheduling profiles

In a queue scheduling profile, you can configure scheduling parameters for each queue. By applying the queue scheduling profile to an interface, you can implement congestion management on the interface.

Queue scheduling profiles support two queue scheduling algorithms: SP and WRR. In a queue scheduling profile, you can configure SP + WRR. For information about each scheduling algorithm, see "Congestion management methods." When SP and WRR groups are configured in a queue scheduling profile, Figure 14 shows the scheduling order.

Figure 14 Queue scheduling profile configured with both SP and WRR

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· Queue 7 has the highest priority in the SP group. Its packets are sent preferentially.

· Queue 5 has the second highest priority in the SP group. Packets in queue 5 are sent when queue 7 is empty.

· The queues in WRR group 1 are scheduled according to their weights when both queue 7 and queue 5 are empty.

Queue scheduling profiles include the following types:

· Basic—You can set the queuing scheduling algorithm and scheduling weight.

· Advanced—You can set additional parameters such as minimum guaranteed bandwidth and service type.

Restrictions and guidelines for queue scheduling profile configuration

When you configure a queue scheduling profile, follow these restrictions and guidelines:

· The term "interface" in this section collectively refers to Layer 2 and Layer 3 Ethernet interfaces. You can use the port link-mode command to configure an Ethernet port as a Layer 2 or Layer 3 interface (see Ethernet interface configuration in Interface Configuration Guide).

· Only one queue scheduling profile can be applied to an interface.

· You can modify the scheduling parameters in a queue scheduling profile already applied.

Configuring a queue scheduling profile

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create a queue scheduling profile and enter queue scheduling profile view.

qos qmprofile profile-name

3. (Optional.) Configure queue scheduling parameters.

¡ Configure a queue to use SP.

queue queue-id sp

¡ Configure a queue to use WRR.

queue queue-id wrr group group-id byte-count schedule-value

By default, all queues in a queue scheduling profile are SP queues.

4. (Optional.) Set the minimum guaranteed bandwidth for a queue.

bandwidth queue queue-id min bandwidth-value

By default, the minimum guaranteed bandwidth is not set for a queue.

Applying a queue scheduling profile

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Enter interface view.

interface interface-type interface-number

3. Apply a queue scheduling profile to the interface.

qos apply qmprofile profile-name

By default, no queue scheduling profile is applied to an interface.

Example: Configuring a queue scheduling profile

Network configuration

Configure a queue scheduling profile to meet the following requirements on GigabitEthernet 1/0/1:

· Queue 7 has the highest priority, and its packets are sent preferentially.

· Queue 0 through queue 6 are in the WRR group and are scheduled according to their packet-count weights, which are 2, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively. When queue 7 is empty, the WRR group is scheduled.

Procedure

# Enter system view.

<Sysname> system-view

# Create a queue scheduling profile named qm1.

[Sysname] qos qmprofile qm1

[Sysname-qmprofile-qm1]

# Configure queue 7 to use SP queuing.

[Sysname-qmprofile-qm1] queue 7 sp

# Assign queue 0 through queue 6 to WRR group 1, with their packet-count weights as 2, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10, respectively.

[Sysname-qmprofile-qm1] queue 0 wrr group 1 weight 2

[Sysname-qmprofile-qm1] queue 1 wrr group 1 weight 1

[Sysname-qmprofile-qm1] queue 2 wrr group 1 weight 2

[Sysname-qmprofile-qm1] queue 3 wrr group 1 weight 4

[Sysname-qmprofile-qm1] queue 4 wrr group 1 weight 6

[Sysname-qmprofile-qm1] queue 5 wrr group 1 weight 8

[Sysname-qmprofile-qm1] queue 6 wrr group 1 weight 10

[Sysname-qmprofile-qm1] quit

# Apply queue scheduling profile qm1 to GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.

[Sysname] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos apply qmprofile qm1

After the configuration is completed, GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 performs queue scheduling as specified in queue scheduling profile qm1.

Verifying and maintaining congestion management

Verifying queuing configuration on interfaces

Perform display tasks in any view.

· Display the queuing configuration on interfaces.

display qos queue interface [ interface-type interface-number ]

· Display the SP queuing configuration on interfaces.

display qos queue sp interface [ interface-type interface-number ]

· Display the WRR queuing configuration on interfaces.

display qos queue wrr interface [ interface-type interface-number ]

Verifying queue scheduling profile configuration and running status

Perform display tasks in any view.

· Display the configuration of queue scheduling profiles.

display qos qmprofile configuration [ profile-name ] [ slot slot-number ]

· Display the queue scheduling profiles applied to interfaces.

display qos qmprofile interface [ interface-type interface-number ]

Displaying queue-based outgoing traffic statistics for interfaces

To display queue-based outgoing traffic statistics for interfaces, execute the following command in any view:

display qos queue-statistics interface [ interface-type interface-number ] outbound

Configuring congestion avoidance

About congestion avoidance

Avoiding congestion before it occurs is a proactive approach to improving network performance. As a flow control mechanism, congestion avoidance:

· Actively monitors network resources (such as queues and memory buffers).

· Drops packets when congestion is expected to occur or deteriorate.

When dropping packets from a source end, congestion avoidance cooperates with the flow control mechanism at the source end to regulate the network traffic size. The combination of the local packet drop policy and the source-end flow control mechanism implements the following functions:

· Maximizes throughput and network use efficiency.

· Minimizes packet loss and delay.

Tail drop

Congestion management techniques drop all packets that are arriving at a full queue. This tail drop mechanism results in global TCP synchronization. If packets from multiple TCP connections are dropped, these TCP connections go into the state of congestion avoidance and slow start to reduce traffic. However, traffic peak occurs later. Consequently, the network traffic jitters all the time.

RED and WRED

You can use Random Early Detection (RED) or Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED) to avoid global TCP synchronization.

Both RED and WRED avoid global TCP synchronization by randomly dropping packets. When the sending rates of some TCP sessions slow down after their packets are dropped, other TCP sessions remain at high sending rates. Link bandwidth is efficiently used, because TCP sessions at high sending rates always exist.

The RED or WRED algorithm sets an upper threshold and lower threshold for each queue, and processes the packets in a queue as follows:

· When the queue size is shorter than the lower threshold, no packet is dropped.

· When the queue size reaches the upper threshold, all subsequent packets are dropped.

· When the queue size is between the lower threshold and the upper threshold, the received packets are dropped at random. The drop probability in a queue increases along with the queue size under the maximum drop probability.

If the current queue size is compared with the upper threshold and lower threshold to determine the drop policy, burst traffic is not fairly treated. To solve this problem, WRED compares the average queue size with the upper threshold and lower threshold to determine the drop probability.

The average queue size reflects the queue size change trend but is not sensitive to burst queue size changes, and burst traffic can be fairly treated.

When WFQ queuing is used, you can set the following parameters for packets with different precedence values to provide differentiated drop policies:

· Exponent for average queue size calculation.

· Upper threshold.

· Lower threshold.

· Drop probability.

Relationship between WRED and queuing mechanisms

Figure 15 Relationship between WRED and queuing mechanisms

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Through combining WRED with WFQ, the flow-based WRED can be realized. Each flow has its own queue after classification.

· A flow with a smaller queue size has a lower packet drop probability.

· A flow with a larger queue size has a higher packet drop probability.

In this way, the benefits of the flow with a smaller queue size are protected.

ECN

By dropping packets, WRED alleviates the influence of congestion on the network. However, the network resources for transmitting packets from the sender to the device which drops the packets are wasted. When congestion occurs, it is a better idea to perform the following actions:

· Inform the sender of the congestion status.

· Have the sender proactively slow down the packet sending rate or decrease the window size of packets.

This better utilizes the network resources.

RFC 2481 defined an end-to-end congestion notification mechanism named Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN). ECN uses the DS field in the IP header to mark the congestion status along the packet transmission path. An ECN-capable terminal can determine whether congestion occurs on the transmission path according to the packet contents. Then, it adjusts the packet sending speed to avoid deteriorating congestion. ECN defines the last two bits (ECN field) in the DS field of the IP header as follows:

· Bit 6 indicates whether the sending terminal device supports ECN, and is called the ECN-Capable Transport (ECT) bit.

· Bit 7 indicates whether the packet has experienced congestion along the transmission path, and is called the Congestion Experienced (CE) bit.

For more information about the DS field, see "Appendixes."

In actual applications, the following packets are considered as packets that an ECN-capable endpoint transmits:

· Packets with ECT set to 1 and CE set to 0.

· Packets with ECT set to 0 and CE set to 1.

After you enable ECN on a device, congestion management processes packets as follows:

· When the average queue size is below the lower threshold, no packet is dropped, and the ECN fields of packets are not identified or marked.

· When the average queue size is between the lower threshold and the upper threshold, the device performs the following operations:

a. Picks out packets to be dropped according to the drop probability.

b. Examines the ECN fields of these packets and determines whether to drop these packets.

¡ If the ECN field shows that the packet is sent out of ECN-capable terminal, the device performs the following operations:

- Sets both the ECT bit and the CE bit to 1.

- Forwards the packet.

¡ If both the ECT bit and the CE bit are 1 in the packet, the device forwards the packet without modifying the ECN field. The combination of ECT bit 1 and CE bit 1 indicates that the packet has experienced congestion along the transmission path.

¡ If both the ECT bit and the CE bit is 0 in the packet, the device drops the packet.

· When the average queue size exceeds the upper threshold, the device drops the packet, regardless of whether the packet is sent from an ECN-capable terminal.

WRED parameters

Determine the following parameters before configuring WRED:

· Upper threshold and lower threshold—When the average queue size is smaller than the lower threshold, packets are not dropped. When the average queue size is between the lower threshold and the upper threshold, the packets are dropped at random. The longer the queue, the higher the drop probability. When the average queue size exceeds the upper threshold, subsequent packets are dropped.

· Drop precedence—A parameter used for packet drop. The value 0 corresponds to green packets, the value 1 corresponds to yellow packets, and the value 2 corresponds to red packets. Red packets are dropped preferentially.

· Exponent for average queue size calculation—The greater the exponent, the less sensitive the average queue size is to real-time queue size changes. The formula for calculating the average queue size is:

Average queue size = ( previous average queue size x (1 – 2–n) ) + (current queue size x 2–n), where n is the exponent.

· Drop probability—Drop probability in percentage. The greater the value, the higher the drop probability. (Applicable when you configure a WRED table on an interface.)

Configuring and applying a queue-based WRED table

Restrictions and guidelines

By using a WRED table, WRED randomly drops packets during congestion based on the queues that hold packets.

One WRED table can be applied to multiple interfaces. You can modify the parameters of a WRED table applied to an interface, but you cannot delete the WRED table.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Create a WRED table and enter its view.

qos wred queue table table-name

3. (Optional.) Set the WRED exponent for average queue size calculation.

queue queue-id weighting-constant exponent

The default setting is 9.

4. (Optional.) Configure the other WRED parameters.

queue queue-id [ drop-level drop-level ] low-limit low-limit high-limit high-limit [ discard-probability discard-prob ]

By default, the lower limit is 100, the higher limit is 1000, and the drop probability is 10%.

5. (Optional.) Enable ECN for a queue.

queue queue-id ecn

By default, ECN is disabled for a queue.

6. Return to system view.

quit

7. Enter interface view.

interface interface-type interface-number

8. Apply the WRED table to the interface.

qos wred apply [ table-name ]

By default, no WRED table is applied to an interface, and tail drop is used on an interface.

Example: Configuring and applying a queue-based WRED table

Network configuration

Apply a WRED table to GigabitEthernet 1/0/2, so that the packets are dropped as follows when congestion occurs:

· For the interface to preferentially forward higher-priority traffic, set a lower drop probability for a queue with a greater queue number. Set different drop parameters for queue 0, queue 3, and queue 7.

· Drop packets according to their colors.

¡ In queue 0, set the drop probability to 25%, 50%, and 75% for green, yellow, and red packets, respectively.

¡ In queue 3, set the drop probability to 5%, 10%, and 25% for green, yellow, and red packets, respectively.

¡ In queue 7, set the drop probability to 1%, 5%, and 10% for green, yellow, and red packets, respectively.

· Enable ECN for queue 7.

Procedure

# Configure a queue-based WRED table, and set different drop parameters for packets with different drop levels in different queues.

<Sysname> system-view

[Sysname] qos wred queue table queue-table1

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] queue 0 drop-level 0 low-limit 128 high-limit 512 discard-probability 25

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] queue 0 drop-level 1 low-limit 128 high-limit 512 discard-probability 50

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] queue 0 drop-level 2 low-limit 128 high-limit 512 discard-probability 75

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] queue 3 drop-level 0 low-limit 256 high-limit 640 discard-probability 5

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] queue 3 drop-level 1 low-limit 256 high-limit 640 discard-probability 10

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] queue 3 drop-level 2 low-limit 256 high-limit 640 discard-probability 25

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] queue 7 drop-level 0 low-limit 512 high-limit 1024 discard-probability 1

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] queue 7 drop-level 1 low-limit 512 high-limit 1024 discard-probability 5

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] queue 7 drop-level 2 low-limit 512 high-limit 1024 discard-probability 10

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] queue 7 ecn

[Sysname-wred-table-queue-table1] quit

# Apply the queue-based WRED table to GigabitEthernet 1/0/2.

[Sysname] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/2

[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] qos wred apply queue-table1

[Sysname-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] quit

Verifying and maintaining WRED

Perform display tasks in any view.

· Display WRED configuration and statistics for an interface.

display qos wred interface [ interface-type interface-number]

· Display the configuration of a WRED table or all WRED tables.

display qos wred table [ name table-name ] [ slot slot-number ]

Configuring traffic filtering

About traffic filtering

You can filter in or filter out traffic of a class by associating the class with a traffic filtering action. For example, you can filter packets sourced from an IP address according to network status.

Restrictions and guidelines: Traffic filtering configuration

The device supports the following application destinations for traffic filtering:

· Interface.

· VLANs.

· Globally.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Define a traffic class.

a. Create a traffic class and enter traffic class view.

traffic classifier classifier-name [ operator { and | or } ]

b. Configure a match criterion.

if-match match-criteria

By default, no match criterion is configured.

For more information about configuring match criteria, see ACL and QoS Command Reference.

c. Return to system view.

quit

3. Define a traffic behavior.

a. Create a traffic behavior and enter traffic behavior view.

traffic behavior behavior-name

b. Configure the traffic filtering action.

filter { deny | permit }

By default, no traffic filtering action is configured.

If a traffic behavior has the filter deny action, all other actions in the traffic behavior except class-based accounting do not take effect.

c. Return to system view.

quit

4. Define a QoS policy.

a. Create a QoS policy and enter QoS policy view.

qos policy policy-name

b. Associate the traffic class with the traffic behavior in the QoS policy.

classifier classifier-name behavior behavior-name

By default, a traffic class is not associated with a traffic behavior.

c. Return to system view.

quit

5. Apply the QoS policy.

For more information, see "Applying the QoS policy."

By default, no QoS policy is applied.

Verifying and maintaining traffic filtering

To verify traffic filtering configuration, execute the following command in any view:

display traffic behavior user-defined [ behavior-name ]

Traffic filtering configuration examples

Example: Configuring traffic filtering

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 16, configure traffic filtering on GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 to deny the incoming packets with destination port number 21.

Figure 16 Network diagram

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Procedure

# Create advanced ACL 3000, and configure a rule to match packets with destination port number 21.

<Device> system-view

[Device] acl advanced 3000

[Device-acl-ipv4-adv-3000] rule 0 permit tcp destination-port eq 21

[Device-acl-ipv4-adv-3000] quit

# Create a traffic class named classifier_1, and use ACL 3000 as the match criterion in the traffic class.

[Device] traffic classifier classifier_1

[Device-classifier-classifier_1] if-match acl 3000

[Device-classifier-classifier_1] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named behavior_1, and configure the traffic filtering action to drop packets.

[Device] traffic behavior behavior_1

[Device-behavior-behavior_1] filter deny

[Device-behavior-behavior_1] quit

# Create a QoS policy named policy, and associate traffic class classifier_1 with traffic behavior behavior_1 in the QoS policy.

[Device] qos policy policy

[Device-qospolicy-policy] classifier classifier_1 behavior behavior_1

[Device-qospolicy-policy] quit

# Apply QoS policy policy to the incoming traffic of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.

[Device] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos apply policy policy inbound

Configuring priority marking

About priority marking

Priority marking sets the priority fields or flag bits of packets to modify the priority of packets. For example, you can use priority marking to set IP precedence or DSCP for a class of IP packets to control the forwarding of these packets.

To configure priority marking to set the priority fields or flag bits for a class of packets, perform the following tasks:

1. Configure a traffic behavior with a priority marking action.

2. Associate the traffic class with the traffic behavior.

Priority marking can be used together with priority mapping. For more information, see "Configuring priority mapping." You can configure priority marking by using the MQC approach.

Configuring priority marking

Restrictions and guidelines

The device supports the following application destinations for priority marking:

· Interface.

· VLANs.

· Globally.

· Control plane.

· User profile.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Define a traffic class.

a. Create a traffic class and enter traffic class view.

traffic classifier classifier-name [ operator { and | or } ]

b. Configure a match criterion.

if-match match-criteria

By default, no match criterion is configured.

For more information about the if-match command, see ACL and QoS Command Reference.

c. Return to system view.

quit

3. Define a traffic behavior.

a. Create a traffic behavior and enter traffic behavior view.

traffic behavior behavior-name

b. Configure a priority marking action.

For configurable priority marking actions, see the remark commands in ACL and QoS Command Reference.

c. Return to system view.

quit

4. Define a QoS policy.

a. Create a QoS policy and enter QoS policy view.

qos policy [ remarking ] policy-name

b. Associate the traffic class with the traffic behavior in the QoS policy.

classifier classifier-name behavior behavior-name

By default, a traffic class is not associated with a traffic behavior.

c. Return to system view.

quit

5. Apply the QoS policy.

For more information, see "Applying the QoS policy."

By default, no QoS policy is applied.

Verifying and maintaining priority marking

To verify priority marking configuration, execute the following command in any view:

display traffic behavior user-defined [ behavior-name ]

Setting the local precedence of mirrored packets

About this task

On the mirroring source device, both mirrored packets and service packets might exist on the egress port. To schedule service packets preferentially, perform this task to set the local precedence of mirrored packets to a smaller value, for example, 0. In this case, when congestion occurs, less service packets will be dropped.

This function takes effect on packets mirrored by both port mirroring and flow mirroring.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Set the local precedence of mirrored packets.

qos mirroring local-precedence local-precedence-value

By default, the local precedence of a mirrored packet is the same as that of the original packet.

Priority marking configuration examples

Example: Configuring priority marking

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 17, configure priority marking on the device to meet the following requirements:

Traffic source	Destination	Processing priority
Host A, B	Data server	High
Host A, B	Mail server	Medium
Host A, B	File server	Low

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Figure 17 Network diagram

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Procedure

# Create advanced ACL 3000, and configure a rule to match packets with destination IP address 192.168.0.1.

<Device> system-view

[Device] acl advanced 3000

[Device-acl-ipv4-adv-3000] rule permit ip destination 192.168.0.1 0

[Device-acl-ipv4-adv-3000] quit

# Create advanced ACL 3001, and configure a rule to match packets with destination IP address 192.168.0.2.

[Device] acl advanced 3001

[Device-acl-ipv4-adv-3001] rule permit ip destination 192.168.0.2 0

[Device-acl-ipv4-adv-3001] quit

# Create advanced ACL 3002, and configure a rule to match packets with destination IP address 192.168.0.3.

[Device] acl advanced 3002

[Device-acl-ipv4-adv-3002] rule permit ip destination 192.168.0.3 0

[Device-acl-ipv4-adv-3002] quit

# Create a traffic class named classifier_dbserver, and use ACL 3000 as the match criterion in the traffic class.

[Device] traffic classifier classifier_dbserver

[Device-classifier-classifier_dbserver] if-match acl 3000

[Device-classifier-classifier_dbserver] quit

# Create a traffic class named classifier_mserver, and use ACL 3001 as the match criterion in the traffic class.

[Device] traffic classifier classifier_mserver

[Device-classifier-classifier_mserver] if-match acl 3001

[Device-classifier-classifier_mserver] quit

# Create a traffic class named classifier_fserver, and use ACL 3002 as the match criterion in the traffic class.

[Device] traffic classifier classifier_fserver

[Device-classifier-classifier_fserver] if-match acl 3002

[Device-classifier-classifier_fserver] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named behavior_dbserver, and configure the action of setting the local precedence value to 4.

[Device] traffic behavior behavior_dbserver

[Device-behavior-behavior_dbserver] remark local-precedence 4

[Device-behavior-behavior_dbserver] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named behavior_mserver, and configure the action of setting the local precedence value to 3.

[Device] traffic behavior behavior_mserver

[Device-behavior-behavior_mserver] remark local-precedence 3

[Device-behavior-behavior_mserver] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named behavior_fserver, and configure the action of setting the local precedence value to 2.

[Device] traffic behavior behavior_fserver

[Device-behavior-behavior_fserver] remark local-precedence 2

[Device-behavior-behavior_fserver] quit

# Create a QoS policy named policy_server, and associate traffic classes with traffic behaviors in the QoS policy.

[Device] qos policy policy_server

[Device-qospolicy-policy_server] classifier classifier_dbserver behavior behavior_dbserver

[Device-qospolicy-policy_server] classifier classifier_mserver behavior behavior_mserver

[Device-qospolicy-policy_server] classifier classifier_fserver behavior behavior_fserver

[Device-qospolicy-policy_server] quit

# Apply QoS policy policy_server to the incoming traffic of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.

[Device] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos apply policy policy_server inbound

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] quit

Configuring nesting

About nesting

Nesting adds a VLAN tag to the matching packets to allow the VLAN-tagged packets to pass through the corresponding VLAN. For example, you can add an outer VLAN tag to packets from a customer network to a service provider network. This allows the packets to pass through the service provider network by carrying a VLAN tag assigned by the service provider.

Restrictions and guidelines: Nesting configuration

The device supports nesting only in the inbound direction of an interface.

When you configure the match criteria for a nesting action, you must use the if-match customer-vlan-id command to match packets carrying a single layer of VLAN tags. Then, the nesting action can add an outer VLAN tag to packets.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Define a traffic class.

a. Create a traffic class and enter traffic class view.

traffic classifier classifier-name [ operator { and | or } ]

b. Configure a match criterion.

if-match match-criteria

By default, no match criterion is configured for a traffic class.

For more information about the match criteria, see the if-match command in ACL and QoS Command Reference.

c. Return to system view.

quit

3. Define a traffic behavior.

a. Create a traffic behavior and enter traffic behavior view.

traffic behavior behavior-name

b. Configure a VLAN tag adding action.

nest top-most vlan vlan-id

By default, no VLAN tag adding action is configured for a traffic behavior.

c. Return to system view.

quit

4. Define a QoS policy.

a. Create a QoS policy and enter QoS policy view.

qos policy policy-name

b. Associate the traffic class with the traffic behavior in the QoS policy.

classifier classifier-name behavior behavior-name

By default, a traffic class is not associated with a traffic behavior.

c. Return to system view.

quit

5. Apply the QoS policy.

For more information, see "Applying the QoS policy."

By default, no QoS policy is applied.

Verifying and maintaining nesting

To verify nesting configuration, execute the following command in any view:

display traffic behavior user-defined [ behavior-name ]

Nesting configuration examples

Example: Configuring nesting

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 18:

· Site 1 and Site 2 in VPN A are two branches of a company. They use VLAN 5 to transmit traffic.

· Because Site 1 and Site 2 are located in different areas, the two sites use the VPN access service of a service provider. The service provider assigns VLAN 100 to the two sites.

Configure nesting, so that the two branches can communicate through the service provider network.

Figure 18 Network diagram

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Procedure

1. Configuring PE 1:

# Create a traffic class named test to match traffic with VLAN ID 5.

<PE1> system-view

[PE1] traffic classifier test

[PE1-classifier-test] if-match customer-vlan-id 5

[PE1-classifier-test] quit

# Configure an action to add outer VLAN tag 100 in traffic behavior test.

[PE1] traffic behavior test

[PE1-behavior-test] nest top-most vlan 100

[PE1-behavior-test] quit

# Create a QoS policy named test, and associate class test with behavior test in the QoS policy.

[PE1] qos policy test

[PE1-qospolicy-test] classifier test behavior test

[PE1-qospolicy-test] quit

# Configure the downlink port (GigabitEthernet 1/0/1) as a hybrid port, and assign the port to VLAN 100 as an untagged member.

[PE1] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[PE1-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] port link-type hybrid

[PE1-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] port hybrid vlan 100 untagged

# Apply QoS policy test to the incoming traffic of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.

[PE1-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos apply policy test inbound

[PE1-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] quit

# Configure the uplink port (GigabitEthernet 1/0/2) as a trunk port, and assign it to VLAN 100.

[PE1] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/2

[PE1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] port link-type trunk

[PE1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] port trunk permit vlan 100

[PE1-GigabitEthernet1/0/2] quit

2. Configuring PE 2:

Configure PE 2 in the same way PE 1 is configured.

Configuring traffic redirecting

About traffic redirecting

Traffic redirecting redirects packets matching the specified match criteria to a location for processing.

You can redirect packets to the following destinations:

· CPU.

· Interface.

Restrictions and guidelines: Traffic redirecting configuration

· The device supports the following application destinations for traffic redirecting:

¡ Interface.

¡ VLANs.

¡ Globally.

· If you execute the redirect command multiple times, the most recent configuration takes effect.

· For traffic redirecting to an Ethernet interface, the switch does not display the redirecting action after the interface expansion card that hosts the interface is removed. After the interface expansion card is reinserted, the switch can display the redirecting action.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Define a traffic class.

a. Create a traffic class and enter traffic class view.

traffic classifier classifier-name [ operator { and | or } ]

b. Configure a match criterion.

if-match match-criteria

By default, no match criterion is configured for a traffic class.

For more information about the match criteria, see the if-match command in ACL and QoS Command Reference.

c. Return to system view.

quit

3. Define a traffic behavior.

a. Create a traffic behavior and enter traffic behavior view.

traffic behavior behavior-name

b. Configure a traffic redirecting action.

redirect { cpu | interface interface-type interface-number }

By default, no traffic redirecting action is configured for a traffic behavior.

c. Return to system view.

quit

4. Define a QoS policy.

a. Create a QoS policy and enter QoS policy view.

qos policy policy-name

b. Associate the traffic class with the traffic behavior in the QoS policy.

classifier classifier-name behavior behavior-name

By default, a traffic class is not associated with a traffic behavior.

c. Return to system view.

quit

5. Apply the QoS policy.

For more information, see "Applying the QoS policy."

By default, no QoS policy is applied.

Verifying and maintaining traffic redirecting

To verify traffic redirecting configuration, execute the following command in any view:

display traffic behavior user-defined [ behavior-name ]

Traffic redirecting configuration examples

Example: Configuring traffic redirecting

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 19:

· Device A is connected to Device B through two links. Device A and Device B are each connected to other devices.

· GigabitEthernet 1/0/2 of Device A and GigabitEthernet 1/0/2 of Device B belong to VLAN 200.

· GigabitEthernet 1/0/3 of Device A and GigabitEthernet 1/0/3 of Device B belong to VLAN 201.

· On Device A, the IP address of VLAN-interface 200 is 200.1.1.1/24, and that of VLAN-interface 201 is 201.1.1.1/24.

· On Device B, the IP address of VLAN-interface 200 is 200.1.1.2/24, and that of VLAN-interface 201 is 201.1.1.2/24.

Configure the actions of redirecting traffic to an interface to meet the following requirements:

· Packets with source IP address 2.1.1.1 received on GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 of Device A are forwarded to GigabitEthernet 1/0/2.

· Packets with source IP address 2.1.1.2 received on GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 of Device A are forwarded to GigabitEthernet 1/0/3.

· Other packets received on GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 of Device A are forwarded according to the routing table.

Figure 19 Network diagram

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Procedure

# Create basic ACL 2000, and configure a rule to match packets with source IP address 2.1.1.1.

<DeviceA> system-view

[DeviceA] acl basic 2000

[DeviceA-acl-ipv4-basic-2000] rule permit source 2.1.1.1 0

[DeviceA-acl-ipv4-basic-2000] quit

# Create basic ACL 2001, and configure a rule to match packets with source IP address 2.1.1.2.

[DeviceA] acl basic 2001

[DeviceA-acl-ipv4-basic-2001] rule permit source 2.1.1.2 0

[DeviceA-acl-ipv4-basic-2001] quit

# Create a traffic class named classifier_1, and use ACL 2000 as the match criterion in the traffic class.

[DeviceA] traffic classifier classifier_1

[DeviceA-classifier-classifier_1] if-match acl 2000

[DeviceA-classifier-classifier_1] quit

# Create a traffic class named classifier_2, and use ACL 2001 as the match criterion in the traffic class.

[DeviceA] traffic classifier classifier_2

[DeviceA-classifier-classifier_2] if-match acl 2001

[DeviceA-classifier-classifier_2] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named behavior_1, and configure the action of redirecting traffic to GigabitEthernet 1/0/2.

[DeviceA] traffic behavior behavior_1

[DeviceA-behavior-behavior_1] redirect interface gigabitethernet 1/0/2

[DeviceA-behavior-behavior_1] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named behavior_2, and configure the action of redirecting traffic to GigabitEthernet 1/0/3.

[DeviceA] traffic behavior behavior_2

[DeviceA-behavior-behavior_2] redirect interface gigabitethernet 1/0/3

[DeviceA-behavior-behavior_2] quit

# Create a QoS policy named policy.

[DeviceA] qos policy policy

# Associate traffic class classifier_1 with traffic behavior behavior_1 in the QoS policy.

[DeviceA-qospolicy-policy] classifier classifier_1 behavior behavior_1

# Associate traffic class classifier_2 with traffic behavior behavior_2 in the QoS policy.

[DeviceA-qospolicy-policy] classifier classifier_2 behavior behavior_2

[DeviceA-qospolicy-policy] quit

# Apply QoS policy policy to the incoming traffic of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.

[DeviceA] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[DeviceA-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos apply policy policy inbound

Configuring global CAR

About global CAR

Global committed access rate (CAR) is an approach to policing traffic flows globally. It adds flexibility to common CAR where traffic policing is performed only on a per-traffic class or per-interface basis. In this approach, CAR actions are created in system view and each can be used to police multiple traffic flows as a whole.

Aggregate CAR

An aggregate CAR action is created globally. It can be directly applied to interfaces or used in the traffic behaviors associated with different traffic classes to police multiple traffic flows as a whole. The total rate of the traffic flows must conform to the traffic policing specifications set in the aggregate CAR action.

Configuring aggregate CAR

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Define a traffic class.

a. Create a traffic class and enter traffic class view.

traffic classifier classifier-name [ operator { and | or } ]

b. Configure a match criterion.

if-match match-criteria

By default, no match criterion is configured.

For configurable match criteria, see the if-match command in ACL and QoS Command Reference.

c. Return to system view.

quit

3. Configure an aggregate CAR action.

qos car car-name aggregative cir committed-information-rate [ cbs committed-burst-size [ ebs excess-burst-size ] ] [ green action | red action | yellow action ] *

qos car car-name aggregative cir committed-information-rate [ cbs committed-burst-size ] pir peak-information-rate [ ebs excess-burst-size ] [ green action | red action | yellow action ] *

By default, no aggregate CAR action is configured.

4. Define a traffic behavior.

a. Enter traffic behavior view.

traffic behavior behavior-name

b. Use the aggregate CAR in the traffic behavior.

car name car-name

By default, no aggregate CAR action is used in a traffic behavior.

5. Apply the QoS policy.

For more information, see "Applying the QoS policy."

By default, no QoS policy is applied.

Verifying and maintaining global CAR

Verifying global CAR configuration and statistics

To verify global CAR configuration and statistics, execute the following command in any view:

display qos car name [ car-name ]

Clearing global CAR statistics

To clear global CAR statistics, execute the following command in user view:

reset qos car name [ car-name ]

Configuring class-based accounting

About class-based accounting

Class-based accounting collects statistics on a per-traffic class basis. For example, you can define the action to collect statistics for traffic sourced from a certain IP address. By analyzing the statistics, you can determine whether anomalies have occurred and what action to take.

Restrictions and guidelines: Class-based accounting configuration

The device supports the following application destinations for class-based accounting:

· Interface.

· VLANs.

· Globally.

· Control plane.

· User profile.

Procedure

1. Enter system view.

system-view

2. Define a traffic class.

a. Create a traffic class and enter traffic class view.

traffic classifier classifier-name [ operator { and | or } ]

b. Configure a match criterion.

if-match match-criteria

By default, no match criterion is configured.

For more information about the if-match command, see ACL and QoS Command Reference.

c. Return to system view.

quit

3. Define a traffic behavior.

a. Create a traffic behavior and enter traffic behavior view.

traffic behavior behavior-name

b. Configure an accounting action.

accounting { byte | packet }

By default, no traffic accounting action is configured.

c. Return to system view.

quit

4. Define a QoS policy.

a. Create a QoS policy and enter QoS policy view.

qos policy policy-name

b. Associate the traffic class with the traffic behavior in the QoS policy.

classifier classifier-name behavior behavior-name

By default, a traffic class is not associated with a traffic behavior.

c. Return to system view.

quit

5. Apply the QoS policy.

For more information, see "Applying the QoS policy."

By default, no QoS policy is applied.

Verifying and maintaining class-based accounting

Perform display tasks in any view.

· Display information about QoS policies applied to control planes.

display qos policy control-plane

· Display information about QoS policies applied globally.

display qos policy global

· Display information about QoS policies applied to interfaces.

display qos policy interface

· Display information about QoS policies applied to VLANs.

display qos vlan-policy

Class-based accounting configuration examples

Example: Configuring class-based accounting

Network configuration

As shown in Figure 20, configure class-based accounting on GigabitEthernet 1/0/1 to collect statistics for incoming traffic from 1.1.1.1/24.

Figure 20 Network diagram

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Procedure

# Create basic ACL 2000, and configure a rule to match packets with source IP address 1.1.1.1.

<Device> system-view

[Device] acl basic 2000

[Device-acl-ipv4-basic-2000] rule permit source 1.1.1.1 0

[Device-acl-ipv4-basic-2000] quit

# Create a traffic class named classifier_1, and use ACL 2000 as the match criterion in the traffic class.

[Device] traffic classifier classifier_1

[Device-classifier-classifier_1] if-match acl 2000

[Device-classifier-classifier_1] quit

# Create a traffic behavior named behavior_1, and configure the class-based accounting action.

[Device] traffic behavior behavior_1

[Device-behavior-behavior_1] accounting packet

[Device-behavior-behavior_1] quit

# Create a QoS policy named policy, and associate traffic class classifier_1 with traffic behavior behavior_1 in the QoS policy.

[Device] qos policy policy

[Device-qospolicy-policy] classifier classifier_1 behavior behavior_1

[Device-qospolicy-policy] quit

# Apply QoS policy policy to the incoming traffic of GigabitEthernet 1/0/1.

[Device] interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] qos apply policy policy inbound

[Device-GigabitEthernet1/0/1] quit

# Display traffic statistics to verify the configuration.

[Device] display qos policy interface gigabitethernet 1/0/1

Interface: GigabitEthernet1/0/1

Direction: Inbound

Policy: policy

Classifier: classifier_1

Operator: AND

Rule(s) :

If-match acl 2000

Behavior: behavior_1

Accounting enable:

28529 (Packets)

Appendixes

Appendix A Acronyms

Table 2 Appendix A Acronyms

Acronym	Full spelling
AF	Assured Forwarding
BE	Best Effort
BQ	Bandwidth Queuing
CAR	Committed Access Rate
CBS	Committed Burst Size
CBQ	Class Based Queuing
CE	Congestion Experienced
CIR	Committed Information Rate
CQ	Custom Queuing
DCBX	Data Center Bridging Exchange Protocol
DiffServ	Differentiated Service
DSCP	Differentiated Services Code Point
EBS	Excess Burst Size
ECN	Explicit Congestion Notification
EF	Expedited Forwarding
FIFO	First in First out
FQ	Fair Queuing
GMB	Guaranteed Minimum Bandwidth
GTS	Generic Traffic Shaping
IntServ	Integrated Service
ISP	Internet Service Provider
LLQ	Low Latency Queuing
LSP	Label Switched Path
MPLS	Multiprotocol Label Switching
PE	Provider Edge
PIR	Peak Information Rate
PQ	Priority Queuing
PW	Pseudowire
QoS	Quality of Service
QPPB	QoS Policy Propagation Through the Border Gateway Protocol
RED	Random Early Detection
RSVP	Resource Reservation Protocol
RTP	Real-Time Transport Protocol
SP	Strict Priority
ToS	Type of Service
VoIP	Voice over IP
VPN	Virtual Private Network
WFQ	Weighted Fair Queuing
WRED	Weighted Random Early Detection
WRR	Weighted Round Robin

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Appendix B Default priority maps

For the default dot1p-exp and dscp-dscp priority maps, an input value yields a target value equal to it.

Table 3 Default dot1p-lp and dot1p-dp priority maps

Input priority value	dot1p-lp map	dot1p-dp map
dot1p	lp	dp
0	2	0
1	0	0
2	1	0
3	3	0
4	4	0
5	5	0
6	6	0
7	7	0

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Table 4 Default dscp-lp, dscp-dp, and dscp-dot1p priority maps

Input priority value	dscp-lp map	dscp-dp map	dscp-dot1p map
dscp	lp	dp	dot1p
0 to 7	0	0	0
8 to 15	1	0	1
16 to 23	2	0	2
24 to 31	3	0	3
32 to 39	4	0	4
40 to 47	5	0	5
48 to 55	6	0	6
56 to 63	7	0	7

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Table 5 Default port priority-local priority map

Port priority	Local precedence
0	0
1	1
2	2
3	3
4	4
5	5
6	6
7	7

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Appendix C Introduction to packet precedence

IP precedence and DSCP values

Figure 21 ToS and DS fields

‌

As shown in Figure 21, the ToS field in the IP header contains 8 bits. The first 3 bits (0 to 2) represent IP precedence from 0 to 7. According to RFC 2474, the ToS field is redefined as the differentiated services (DS) field. A DSCP value is represented by the first 6 bits (0 to 5) of the DS field and is in the range 0 to 63. The remaining 2 bits (6 and 7) are reserved.

Table 6 IP precedence

IP precedence (decimal)	IP precedence (binary)	Description
0	000	Routine
1	001	priority
2	010	immediate
3	011	flash
4	100	flash-override
5	101	critical
6	110	internet
7	111	network

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Table 7 DSCP values

DSCP value (decimal)	DSCP value (binary)	Description
46	101110	ef
10	001010	af11
12	001100	af12
14	001110	af13
18	010010	af21
20	010100	af22
22	010110	af23
26	011010	af31
28	011100	af32
30	011110	af33
34	100010	af41
36	100100	af42
38	100110	af43
8	001000	cs1
16	010000	cs2
24	011000	cs3
32	100000	cs4
40	101000	cs5
48	110000	cs6
56	111000	cs7
0	000000	be (default)

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802.1p priority

802.1p priority lies in the Layer 2 header. It applies to occasions where Layer 3 header analysis is not needed and QoS must be assured at Layer 2.

Figure 22 An Ethernet frame with an 802.1Q tag header

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As shown in Figure 22, the 4-byte 802.1Q tag header contains the 2-byte tag protocol identifier (TPID) and the 2-byte tag control information (TCI). The value of the TPID is 0x8100. Figure 23 shows the format of the 802.1Q tag header. The Priority field in the 802.1Q tag header is called 802.1p priority, because its use is defined in IEEE 802.1p. Table 8 shows the values for 802.1p priority.

Figure 23 802.1Q tag header

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Table 8 Description on 802.1p priority

802.1p priority (decimal)	802.1p priority (binary)	Description
0	000	best-effort
1	001	background
2	010	spare
3	011	excellent-effort
4	100	controlled-load
5	101	video
6	110	voice
7	111	network-management

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09-ACL and QoS Configuration Guide

QoS techniques in a network

Defining a traffic class

Defining a traffic behavior

Defining a QoS policy

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

Applying the QoS policy to VLANs

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Procedure

About this task

Procedure

Applying the QoS policy to a user profile

About this task

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

Priority mapping process

Priority mapping tasks at a glance

Configuring a priority map

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

About this task

Procedure

Network configuration

Procedure

Network configuration

Procedure

Configuring traffic policing, GTS, and rate limit

Traffic evaluation and token buckets

Token bucket features

Evaluating traffic with the token bucket

Complicated evaluation

Configuring traffic policing

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

Configuring GTS

Procedure

Configuring the rate limit

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

Network requirements

Configuration procedure

SP queuing

WRR queuing

Configuring queuing on an interface

Configuring SP+WRR queuing

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

Restrictions and guidelines for queue scheduling profile configuration

Network configuration

Procedure

Verifying and maintaining congestion management

Network configuration

Procedure

Configuring traffic filtering

Network configuration

Procedure

Restrictions and guidelines

Procedure

Verifying and maintaining priority marking

About this task

Procedure